Final Exam Test Bank for NR507 / NR 507
with a Review of 650 Highly Testable
Questions and Correct Answers/ NR507
Final Exam Latest/ NR 507 Advanced
Pathophysiology Final Exam Prep Newest
Test Bank
SECTION 1: CELLULAR ADAPTATION, INJURY, & DEATH
Question 1
The process by which cells program themselves to die is called:
A) Karyolysis
B) Apoptosis
C) Pyknosis
D) Necrosis
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death that occurs normally during
development and tissue homeostasis. It is characterized by cell shrinkage, chromatin
condensation, and fragmentation without inflammation. Necrosis is unregulated cell
death associated with inflammation. Karyolysis and pyknosis are nuclear changes seen in
necrosis .
Question 2
,Due to a persistent stressor, columnar epithelial cells may turn into squamous cells as a
method of adaptation. This process is known as:
A) Metaplasia
B) Dysplasia
C) Anaplasia
D) Hyperplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one differentiated cell type is
replaced by another cell type. This is an adaptive response to chronic irritation, such as
the replacement of ciliated columnar epithelium with stratified squamous epithelium in
the airways of chronic smokers .
Question 3
Liquefactive necrosis typically occurs after severe hypoxic injury to which organ?
A) Brain
B) Heart
C) Adrenals
D) Pancreas
Rationale: Liquefactive necrosis is characteristic of hypoxic injury in the central nervous
system (brain). The brain has high lipid content, and necrotic tissue is digested by
hydrolytic enzymes released from leukocytes, resulting in a liquid, semi-fluid mass.
Coagulative necrosis is more typical of hypoxic injury in solid organs like the heart,
kidneys, and adrenal glands .
Question 4
The organelle responsible for the synthesis of proteins by bound ribosomes is called the:
A) Golgi apparatus
B) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
,C) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
D) Proteasome
Rationale: The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is studded with ribosomes that
synthesize proteins destined for secretion or for incorporation into the cell membrane.
The smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification. The Golgi apparatus
modifies, sorts, and packages proteins, while the proteasome degrades unneeded or
damaged proteins .
Question 5
In cellular injury, what is the primary biochemical change during reversible hypoxic
injury?
A) ATP depletion leading to Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase failure and cellular swelling
B) Mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening causing apoptosis
C) Lysosomal enzyme rupture leading to necrosis
D) Free radical generation overwhelming antioxidant defenses
Rationale: Hypoxic injury initially depletes ATP, impairing the sodium-potassium pump.
This causes sodium influx, water entry, and cellular swelling (hydropic change), which is
reversible if oxygen is restored. This underlies early ischemic injury in myocardial
infarction. Option B occurs in irreversible injury, Option C leads to necrosis, and Option
D is oxidative stress in reperfusion injury .
Question 6
Cell death associated with inflammation is known as:
A) Apoptosis
B) Karyorrhexis
C) Necrosis
D) Mitosis
, Rationale: Necrosis is characterized by cell swelling, membrane rupture, and leakage of
cellular contents, which triggers an inflammatory response. Apoptosis does not trigger
inflammation. Mitosis is cell division, and karyorrhexis is a nuclear change seen in
necrosis .
Question 7
Osmosis describes the movement of:
A) Electrolytes
B) Glucose
C) Water
D) Blood
Rationale: Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from
an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. It is a
passive process driven by osmotic gradients .
Question 8
Which of the following electrolytes is found in the highest concentrations in the
intracellular fluid (ICF)?
A) Sodium
B) Calcium
C) Magnesium
D) Potassium
Rationale: Potassium (K⁺) is the primary intracellular cation. Sodium (Na⁺) is the primary
extracellular cation. Calcium and magnesium are also present intracellularly but in lower
concentrations than potassium .
with a Review of 650 Highly Testable
Questions and Correct Answers/ NR507
Final Exam Latest/ NR 507 Advanced
Pathophysiology Final Exam Prep Newest
Test Bank
SECTION 1: CELLULAR ADAPTATION, INJURY, & DEATH
Question 1
The process by which cells program themselves to die is called:
A) Karyolysis
B) Apoptosis
C) Pyknosis
D) Necrosis
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death that occurs normally during
development and tissue homeostasis. It is characterized by cell shrinkage, chromatin
condensation, and fragmentation without inflammation. Necrosis is unregulated cell
death associated with inflammation. Karyolysis and pyknosis are nuclear changes seen in
necrosis .
Question 2
,Due to a persistent stressor, columnar epithelial cells may turn into squamous cells as a
method of adaptation. This process is known as:
A) Metaplasia
B) Dysplasia
C) Anaplasia
D) Hyperplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one differentiated cell type is
replaced by another cell type. This is an adaptive response to chronic irritation, such as
the replacement of ciliated columnar epithelium with stratified squamous epithelium in
the airways of chronic smokers .
Question 3
Liquefactive necrosis typically occurs after severe hypoxic injury to which organ?
A) Brain
B) Heart
C) Adrenals
D) Pancreas
Rationale: Liquefactive necrosis is characteristic of hypoxic injury in the central nervous
system (brain). The brain has high lipid content, and necrotic tissue is digested by
hydrolytic enzymes released from leukocytes, resulting in a liquid, semi-fluid mass.
Coagulative necrosis is more typical of hypoxic injury in solid organs like the heart,
kidneys, and adrenal glands .
Question 4
The organelle responsible for the synthesis of proteins by bound ribosomes is called the:
A) Golgi apparatus
B) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
,C) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
D) Proteasome
Rationale: The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is studded with ribosomes that
synthesize proteins destined for secretion or for incorporation into the cell membrane.
The smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification. The Golgi apparatus
modifies, sorts, and packages proteins, while the proteasome degrades unneeded or
damaged proteins .
Question 5
In cellular injury, what is the primary biochemical change during reversible hypoxic
injury?
A) ATP depletion leading to Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase failure and cellular swelling
B) Mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening causing apoptosis
C) Lysosomal enzyme rupture leading to necrosis
D) Free radical generation overwhelming antioxidant defenses
Rationale: Hypoxic injury initially depletes ATP, impairing the sodium-potassium pump.
This causes sodium influx, water entry, and cellular swelling (hydropic change), which is
reversible if oxygen is restored. This underlies early ischemic injury in myocardial
infarction. Option B occurs in irreversible injury, Option C leads to necrosis, and Option
D is oxidative stress in reperfusion injury .
Question 6
Cell death associated with inflammation is known as:
A) Apoptosis
B) Karyorrhexis
C) Necrosis
D) Mitosis
, Rationale: Necrosis is characterized by cell swelling, membrane rupture, and leakage of
cellular contents, which triggers an inflammatory response. Apoptosis does not trigger
inflammation. Mitosis is cell division, and karyorrhexis is a nuclear change seen in
necrosis .
Question 7
Osmosis describes the movement of:
A) Electrolytes
B) Glucose
C) Water
D) Blood
Rationale: Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from
an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. It is a
passive process driven by osmotic gradients .
Question 8
Which of the following electrolytes is found in the highest concentrations in the
intracellular fluid (ICF)?
A) Sodium
B) Calcium
C) Magnesium
D) Potassium
Rationale: Potassium (K⁺) is the primary intracellular cation. Sodium (Na⁺) is the primary
extracellular cation. Calcium and magnesium are also present intracellularly but in lower
concentrations than potassium .
