BMSC 208 - FINAL REVIEW CLASS UPDATED ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS

BMSC 208 - FINAL REVIEW CLASS UPDATED ACTUAL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS

Question:
1. What do peripheral chemoreceptors do
Answer:
activate with decreased O2, decreased pH (increased H+), and increased CO2 to increased ventilation (O2
needs to be less than 60mmHg to inc. ventilation, and any higher CO2 increased ventilation)

Question:
2. what is increased CO2 mediated by
Answer:
by both central chemoreceptors (70%, primary) and peripheral chemoreceptors (30%) - when increased
CO2 its both, when decreased CO2 its central only

Question:
3. what is happening to the bladder at rest
Answer:
detrusor muscle is relaxed and filling, sympathetic neurons are sustained for IUS passively contracted and
motor neurons fire for EUS to stay contracted, both from higher CNS input

Question:
4. what is happening to bladder during micturition reflex
Answer:
stretch receptors on bladder fire and sensory neurons activate parasympathetic neurons to detrusor muscle
to relax it, and sensory neurons inhibit sympathetic to IUS and motor neurons to EUS smooth muscle
contracts, IUS and EUS open/relax

Question:
5. what is emphysema
Answer:
walls of alveoli break down and theres less tissue so increased compliance and decreased elastance

Question:
6. what is pulmonary fibrosis
Answer:
excess connective tissue around alveoli so it has decreased compliance and increased elastance and resists
expansion

Question:
7. what does lung compliance refer to
Answer:
how readily the lung stretches and expands

,Question:
8. what is increased compliance
Answer:
more readily stretches and expands (don't have to work as hard and use less muscles)

Question:
9. what is decreased compliance
Answer:
less readily stretches and expands (have to put more effort in and more muscles)

Question:
10. what does the compliance of a lung determine
Answer:
how much effort needs to be exerted to cause a change in lung volume

Question:
11. what is change in intrapleural pressure caused by
Answer:
contraction of inspiratory muscles
- If a more negative intrapleural pressure is required to cause a change in lung volume you are exerting
more effort

Question:
12. what is elastance referring to
Answer:
how much the lungs RESIST stretch and expansion, influences how readily the lungs recoil (exhalation)

Question:
13. what happens to bronchioles and pulmonary arteries when PCO2 increases
Answer:
bronchioles dilate, pulmonary arteries don't react to CO2

Question:
14. what happens to bronchioles and pulmonary arteries when PCO2 decreases
Answer:
bronchioles constrict, pulmonary arteries don't react to CO2

Question:
15. what happens to bronchioles and pulmonary arteries when PO2 decreases
Answer:
bronchioles don't react to changes in O2, pulmonary arteries constrict

Question:
16. what happens if there is a complete block of a bronchiole to an alveoli

, Answer:
PCO2 increases and PO2 decreases, so bronchiole smooth muscle dilates and pulmonary arteries constrict
to increase blood flow to other alveoli

Question:
17. what is renal clearance equation
Answer:
clearance of X = excretion rate of X (mg/min) / concentration of Xplasma (mg/mL plasma)

Question:
18. what can renal clearance be used to calculate
Answer:
GFR and renal clearance of a substance

Question:
19. what is GFR
Answer:
substance that is readily filtered, not reabsorbed, not secreted

Question:
20. what is inulin clearance equal to
Answer:
GFR (most accurate but not practical)

Question:
21. what is creatinine clearance equals to
Answer:
GFR (most practical, slightly overestimates)

Question:
22. what is filtered load of inulin equal to
Answer:
excretion rate of inulin (concentration of inulin in plasma x GFR)

Question:
23. what is GFR of inulin equation
Answer:
excretion rate of inulin / concentration of inulin in plasma

Question:
24. what is filtered load of X equation
Answer:
concentration of X in plasma x GFR

Question:
25. what is total pulmonary ventilation equation