BIOS 256- EXAM 2- CHAMBERLAIN UPDATED ACTUAL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Question:
1. Monomers of proteins, carbs and lipids, and nucleic acids
Answer:
Carbohydrates: Monomers are monosaccharides/sugar (glucose, galactose, fructose)
Proteins: Monomers are amino acids
Lipids: Monomers are fatty acids and glycerol
Nucleic Acids: Monomers are nucleotides
Question:
2. What is metabolism?
Answer:
The sum of all chemical reactions in the body
Question:
3. Anabolism
Answer:
-Endergonic reaction
-Energy is consumed as the reaction takes place.
-Build up!
-Create bonds between small molecules to make large molecules (polymers)
-Example: protein synthesis
Question:
4. Catabolism
Answer:
-Exergonic reaction
-Energy is released as reaction takes place
-Break down
-Break bonds in large molecules (polymers) to make small molecules
-Example: digestion of starch to glucose
Question:
5. What are the types of macronutrients? (essay)
Answer:
-Water
-Carbohydrates
-Proteins
-Lipids
Question:
6. What is the importance of each macronutrient? (essay)
,Answer:
-Water: Solvent, coolant, involved in metabolic reactions, waste dilution, supports blood volume/pressure.
-Carbohydrates: Fuel, component in nucleic acids, ATP, glycoproteins, glycolipids.
-Proteins: Support muscle contraction, cell structure, enzymes, transport, hormones, oxygen transport,
blood factors, immunity, neuromodulators, buffers, emergency fuel.
-Lipids: Fuel, structure of plasma membranes and myelin sheaths, involved in hormones, insulation,
vitamin absorption, vitamin D synthesis, blood clotting.
Question:
7. What is the source of each macronutrient? (essay)
Answer:
-Water: Present in drinks, fruits, vegetables, and produced during metabolism.
-Carbohydrates: starch, sugar, cellulose, glucose. Found in grains, legumes, fruits, vegetables. Complex
carbs in whole grains, simple carbs in fruits and dairy.
-Proteins: eggs, meat, peroxidase, nuts, cheese. Come from animal (meat, dairy) and plant sources
(legumes, nuts). Animal proteins are complete; plant proteins may need combining.
-Lipids (Fats): triglyceride, steroids. Saturated fats from animal products, unsaturated fats from vegetable
oils, nuts, seeds, and fatty fish.
Question:
8. Micronutrients
Answer:
Needed in small quantities, play crucial roles in body functions without providing energy. They include:
Vitamins: Essential for metabolism, immunity, growth, and more. Categories:
-Water-soluble: Vitamin C (found in citrus fruits, strawberries) supports immunity and skin health.
-Fat-soluble: Vitamin D (from fatty fish, sunlight) aids bone and immune health; Vitamin A (in carrots,
sweet potatoes) benefits vision and skin.
Minerals: Support structural and regulatory functions.
-Calcium (dairy, leafy greens): Vital for bones and muscles.
-Iron (meat, beans): Key for oxygen transport.
-Potassium (bananas, potatoes): Regulates blood pressure.
-Zinc (meat, nuts): Enhances immune function and healing.
Question:
9. What is a vitamin?
Answer:
A vitamin is an essential organic compound needed in small amounts for growth, health, and metabolic
processes. They're sourced from the diet, as the body can't produce them in sufficient quantities.
Question:
10. What are the 2 classifications of vitamins?
Answer:
Vitamins are categorized into water-soluble (B-vitamins, Vitamin C) and fat-soluble (Vitamins A, D, E, K)
types, with the former needing regular intake and the latter stored in the body.
Question:
11. Fat soluble vitamins
, Answer:
Absorbed w/ dietary lipids
A, D, E, K
-A: component of visual pigments
-D: promotes calcium and phosphorus in the GI tract, helps create and develop bones
-E: Antioxidant
-K: essential for prothrombin synthesis + blood clotting
Question:
12. Water soluble vitamins
Answer:
Absorbed with water in S.I., and exerted by kidneys (not stored)
B and C
B: assist enzymes by transferring electrons from one metabolic reaction to another
C: absorbic acid; promotes hemoglobin synthesis
Question:
13. Deficiencies in vitamins C, B12, and the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, K
Answer:
-Vitamin C deficiency: Causes scurvy (fatigue, swollen gums, joint pain, poor wound healing).
-Vitamin B12 deficiency: Leads to pernicious anemia (fatigue, weakness, constipation, loss of appetite,
numbness, memory issues).
-Vitamin A deficiency: Results in night blindness, immune weakness, and potentially complete blindness.
-Vitamin D deficiency: Linked to rickets (children), osteomalacia (adults), and higher osteoporosis risk.
-Vitamin E deficiency: Rare, causes nerve/muscle damage, vision problems, and weakens immunity.
-Vitamin K deficiency: Increases bleeding and bruising due to poor blood clotting.
Question:
14. Absorptive (fed) state
Answer:
-Energy input is greater than energy output
1. Glucose Metabolism: Cells use some glucose for energy via cellular respiration.
2. Nutrient Storage:
-Glycogenesis: Excess glucose is absorbed by the liver and turned into glycogen, an anabolic process
stimulated by insulin.
-Lipogenesis: Remaining glucose is converted to triglycerides and stored in the liver and adipose tissue.
Question:
15. Post absorptive (fasting) state
Answer:
-Energy output is greater than energy input
1. Blood Glucose Maintenance: Utilizes stored glycogen and fats.
2. Stored Nutrient Breakdown:
-Glycogenolysis: Glycogen is broken down into glucose, stimulated by glucagon and epinephrine,
inhibited by insulin.
-Lipolysis: Triglycerides are broken down into monoglycerides and fatty acids.
-Gluconeogenesis: New glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate sources (e.g., lactic acid, glycerol,
amino acids).
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Question:
1. Monomers of proteins, carbs and lipids, and nucleic acids
Answer:
Carbohydrates: Monomers are monosaccharides/sugar (glucose, galactose, fructose)
Proteins: Monomers are amino acids
Lipids: Monomers are fatty acids and glycerol
Nucleic Acids: Monomers are nucleotides
Question:
2. What is metabolism?
Answer:
The sum of all chemical reactions in the body
Question:
3. Anabolism
Answer:
-Endergonic reaction
-Energy is consumed as the reaction takes place.
-Build up!
-Create bonds between small molecules to make large molecules (polymers)
-Example: protein synthesis
Question:
4. Catabolism
Answer:
-Exergonic reaction
-Energy is released as reaction takes place
-Break down
-Break bonds in large molecules (polymers) to make small molecules
-Example: digestion of starch to glucose
Question:
5. What are the types of macronutrients? (essay)
Answer:
-Water
-Carbohydrates
-Proteins
-Lipids
Question:
6. What is the importance of each macronutrient? (essay)
,Answer:
-Water: Solvent, coolant, involved in metabolic reactions, waste dilution, supports blood volume/pressure.
-Carbohydrates: Fuel, component in nucleic acids, ATP, glycoproteins, glycolipids.
-Proteins: Support muscle contraction, cell structure, enzymes, transport, hormones, oxygen transport,
blood factors, immunity, neuromodulators, buffers, emergency fuel.
-Lipids: Fuel, structure of plasma membranes and myelin sheaths, involved in hormones, insulation,
vitamin absorption, vitamin D synthesis, blood clotting.
Question:
7. What is the source of each macronutrient? (essay)
Answer:
-Water: Present in drinks, fruits, vegetables, and produced during metabolism.
-Carbohydrates: starch, sugar, cellulose, glucose. Found in grains, legumes, fruits, vegetables. Complex
carbs in whole grains, simple carbs in fruits and dairy.
-Proteins: eggs, meat, peroxidase, nuts, cheese. Come from animal (meat, dairy) and plant sources
(legumes, nuts). Animal proteins are complete; plant proteins may need combining.
-Lipids (Fats): triglyceride, steroids. Saturated fats from animal products, unsaturated fats from vegetable
oils, nuts, seeds, and fatty fish.
Question:
8. Micronutrients
Answer:
Needed in small quantities, play crucial roles in body functions without providing energy. They include:
Vitamins: Essential for metabolism, immunity, growth, and more. Categories:
-Water-soluble: Vitamin C (found in citrus fruits, strawberries) supports immunity and skin health.
-Fat-soluble: Vitamin D (from fatty fish, sunlight) aids bone and immune health; Vitamin A (in carrots,
sweet potatoes) benefits vision and skin.
Minerals: Support structural and regulatory functions.
-Calcium (dairy, leafy greens): Vital for bones and muscles.
-Iron (meat, beans): Key for oxygen transport.
-Potassium (bananas, potatoes): Regulates blood pressure.
-Zinc (meat, nuts): Enhances immune function and healing.
Question:
9. What is a vitamin?
Answer:
A vitamin is an essential organic compound needed in small amounts for growth, health, and metabolic
processes. They're sourced from the diet, as the body can't produce them in sufficient quantities.
Question:
10. What are the 2 classifications of vitamins?
Answer:
Vitamins are categorized into water-soluble (B-vitamins, Vitamin C) and fat-soluble (Vitamins A, D, E, K)
types, with the former needing regular intake and the latter stored in the body.
Question:
11. Fat soluble vitamins
, Answer:
Absorbed w/ dietary lipids
A, D, E, K
-A: component of visual pigments
-D: promotes calcium and phosphorus in the GI tract, helps create and develop bones
-E: Antioxidant
-K: essential for prothrombin synthesis + blood clotting
Question:
12. Water soluble vitamins
Answer:
Absorbed with water in S.I., and exerted by kidneys (not stored)
B and C
B: assist enzymes by transferring electrons from one metabolic reaction to another
C: absorbic acid; promotes hemoglobin synthesis
Question:
13. Deficiencies in vitamins C, B12, and the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, K
Answer:
-Vitamin C deficiency: Causes scurvy (fatigue, swollen gums, joint pain, poor wound healing).
-Vitamin B12 deficiency: Leads to pernicious anemia (fatigue, weakness, constipation, loss of appetite,
numbness, memory issues).
-Vitamin A deficiency: Results in night blindness, immune weakness, and potentially complete blindness.
-Vitamin D deficiency: Linked to rickets (children), osteomalacia (adults), and higher osteoporosis risk.
-Vitamin E deficiency: Rare, causes nerve/muscle damage, vision problems, and weakens immunity.
-Vitamin K deficiency: Increases bleeding and bruising due to poor blood clotting.
Question:
14. Absorptive (fed) state
Answer:
-Energy input is greater than energy output
1. Glucose Metabolism: Cells use some glucose for energy via cellular respiration.
2. Nutrient Storage:
-Glycogenesis: Excess glucose is absorbed by the liver and turned into glycogen, an anabolic process
stimulated by insulin.
-Lipogenesis: Remaining glucose is converted to triglycerides and stored in the liver and adipose tissue.
Question:
15. Post absorptive (fasting) state
Answer:
-Energy output is greater than energy input
1. Blood Glucose Maintenance: Utilizes stored glycogen and fats.
2. Stored Nutrient Breakdown:
-Glycogenolysis: Glycogen is broken down into glucose, stimulated by glucagon and epinephrine,
inhibited by insulin.
-Lipolysis: Triglycerides are broken down into monoglycerides and fatty acids.
-Gluconeogenesis: New glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate sources (e.g., lactic acid, glycerol,
amino acids).
