NU 327 - PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - FINAL EXAM UPDATED ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS

NU 327 - PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - FINAL EXAM UPDATED
ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS

Question:
1. Normal RBC Count
Answer:
Female = 4.2-5.4 Male = 4.5-6.2

Question:
2. Normal WBC Count
Answer:
Female = 4,500-11,000 Male = 5,000-10,000

Question:
3. Normal Hematocrit
Answer:
Female = 37-47% Male = 42-52%

Question:
4. Normal Hemoglobin
Answer:
Female = 12-16 Male = 14-18

Question:
5. Normal Sodium (Na+)
Answer:
Adults = 135-145 mEq/L

Question:
6. Normal Potassium (K+)
Answer:
Adults = 3.5-5.0 mEq/L

Question:
7. Normal Total Cholesterol
Answer:
<200 mg/dL

Question:
8. Normal HDLs
Answer:
Female >55 mg/dL Male >45 mg/dL (these are protective levels)

Question:
9. Normal LDLs

,Answer:
Beneficial <100 mg/dL Harmful >160 mg/dL

Question:
10. Normal Troponin
Answer:
<0.01 ng/mL

Question:
11. Normal BNP
Answer:
<100 indicates no Heart Failure

Question:
12. Normal Ejection Fraction (EF)
Answer:
60-80%

Question:
13. Normal Creatinine
Answer:
Female = 0.5-1.1 mg/dL Male = 0.6-1.2 mg/dL (reflects GFR for renal function)

Question:
14. Normal Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
Answer:
10-20 mg/dL (indirect measure of overall hydration)

Question:
15. Normal pH Range
Answer:
7.35-7.45

Question:
16. Absolute pH
Answer:
7.4

Question:
17. Normal PaCO2 Range
Answer:
35-45 mmHg (acid)

Question:
18. Normal HCO3- Range (Bicarb.)

,Answer:
22-26 mEq/L (base)

Question:
19. Normal PaO2 Range
Answer:
80-100 mmHg

Question:
20. Normal SaO2 Range
Answer:
95-100%

Question:
21. Normal Blood Pressure Range
Answer:
120/80-140/90

Question:
22. Normal V/Q Ratio
Answer:
V = 4 L/min Q = 5 L/min V/Q = 0.8

Question:
23. Central Nervous System (CNS) Components & Functions
Answer:
- composed of brain + spinal cord bathed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- receives and processes sensory information and creates responses to be relayed to muscles/glands
- the site of emotion, memory, cognition, learning
- protected by the skull & vertebrae, CSF, blood-brain barrier, meninges (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia
mater)

Question:
24. Cerebrum
Answer:
- largest part of the brain
- sensory & motor activities
- motor coordination
- R & L hemispheres
- 4 lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital)

Question:
25. Cerebellum

, Answer:
- beneath the cerebrum, base of the brain
- coordinates muscle movements
- controls posture
- maintains equilibrium

Question:
26. Brain Stem
Answer:
- composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla
- pupillary reflexes and eye movements
- respirations
- cardiac, vasomotor functions

Question:
27. Spinal Cord
Answer:
- extends from the brain to second lumbar vertebrae
- 2-way conduction between brain and PNS
- gray matter - neuron cell bodies
- white matter - nerve tracts

Question:
28. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Composition & Functions
Answer:
- messages transmitted through the spinal cord reach their target organs through the PNS
- 31 pairs of spinal nerves
- 12 pairs of cranial nerves

Question:
29. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Composition & Functions
Answer:
- composed of the Sympathetic NS and the Parasympathetic NS
- digestion, respirations, cardiovascular, supports homeostasis

Question:
30. Sympathetic Nervous System Functions & Effects