NR 507 WEEK 5 GERD AND
GASTROINTESTINAL ALTERATIONS EXAM
REVIEW STUDY NOTES
◉ Pathogenesis of bronchitis.
Answer: -Exposure to airborne irritants
- Irritant activates bronchial smooth muscle constriction and mucus
secretion
- Triggers release of inflammatory mediators from immune cells
located in the lamina propria
◉ most common irritant with bronchitis is?.
Answer: tobacco product smoke
◉ what does long term exposure to irritants promote in bronchitis?
(5).
Answer: - smooth muscle hypertrophy
- hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells
- epithelial cell metaplasia
- migration of more WBC to site
- thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement membrane
,◉ What does smooth muscle hypertrophy do in lungs?.
Answer: causes increased bronchoconstriction
◉ Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells do what in the
bronchials.
Answer: promotes hypersecretion of mucus
◉ What are characteristics of epithelial cell metaplasia?.
Answer: squamous cells become nonciliated and are less protective;
allow passage of toxins and WBCs
◉ What does the migration of WBCs to the bronchials do?.
Answer: increases inflammation of the cite and causes fibrosis in the
bronchial wall
◉ How does the thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement
membranes effect the lungs?.
Answer: leads to further narrowing of the bronchial passageways
◉ What acid-base disorder is seen in chronic bronchitis?.
Answer: respiratory acidosis
, ◉ how does chronic bronchitis lead to respiratory acidosis?.
Answer: hyperinflation of the alveoli causes CO2 retention
◉ Where does air enter the body?.
Answer: naso and oropharynx (mouth and nose)
◉ Where does air go after it passes through the nose and mouth?.
Answer: it passes through the trachea
◉ After air passes through the trachea where does it go?.
Answer: goes into the left or right bronchi
◉ Where does air flow after the bronchi?.
Answer: into the smaller bronchioles
◉ Where does air flow after the bronchioles?.
Answer: into the alveoli
◉ Describe how blood flows to become oxygenated.
Answer: - deoxygenated systemic blood flows from the vena cava to
R atrium
- Tricuspid valve opens to flow to R ventricle
GASTROINTESTINAL ALTERATIONS EXAM
REVIEW STUDY NOTES
◉ Pathogenesis of bronchitis.
Answer: -Exposure to airborne irritants
- Irritant activates bronchial smooth muscle constriction and mucus
secretion
- Triggers release of inflammatory mediators from immune cells
located in the lamina propria
◉ most common irritant with bronchitis is?.
Answer: tobacco product smoke
◉ what does long term exposure to irritants promote in bronchitis?
(5).
Answer: - smooth muscle hypertrophy
- hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells
- epithelial cell metaplasia
- migration of more WBC to site
- thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement membrane
,◉ What does smooth muscle hypertrophy do in lungs?.
Answer: causes increased bronchoconstriction
◉ Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells do what in the
bronchials.
Answer: promotes hypersecretion of mucus
◉ What are characteristics of epithelial cell metaplasia?.
Answer: squamous cells become nonciliated and are less protective;
allow passage of toxins and WBCs
◉ What does the migration of WBCs to the bronchials do?.
Answer: increases inflammation of the cite and causes fibrosis in the
bronchial wall
◉ How does the thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement
membranes effect the lungs?.
Answer: leads to further narrowing of the bronchial passageways
◉ What acid-base disorder is seen in chronic bronchitis?.
Answer: respiratory acidosis
, ◉ how does chronic bronchitis lead to respiratory acidosis?.
Answer: hyperinflation of the alveoli causes CO2 retention
◉ Where does air enter the body?.
Answer: naso and oropharynx (mouth and nose)
◉ Where does air go after it passes through the nose and mouth?.
Answer: it passes through the trachea
◉ After air passes through the trachea where does it go?.
Answer: goes into the left or right bronchi
◉ Where does air flow after the bronchi?.
Answer: into the smaller bronchioles
◉ Where does air flow after the bronchioles?.
Answer: into the alveoli
◉ Describe how blood flows to become oxygenated.
Answer: - deoxygenated systemic blood flows from the vena cava to
R atrium
- Tricuspid valve opens to flow to R ventricle
