NR 507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL
HIGH-YIELD ORGAN SYSTEM DISORDERS,
CELLULAR MECHANISMS, AND CLINICAL
MANIFESTATIONS SUMMARY 2026
◉ Stage I CKD.
Answer: There is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR
90-120
◉ Stage II CKD.
Answer: There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
60-89
◉ Stage III CKD.
Answer: There is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
◉ Stage IV CKD.
Answer: There is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
,◉ Stage V CKD.
Answer: Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is
inevitable as well as dialysis or kidney transplant
◉ Complications of Decreased GFR.
Answer: Anemia
Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Fluid volume overload
Hyperkalemia
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperphosphatemia
Metabolic acidosis
Malnutrition (late complication)
◉ GERD.
Answer: Warning signs include: Symptoms over age of 50:
-Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
, -Odynophagia (pain on swallowing)
-Nausea and vomiting
-Weight loss
-Melena
-Early satiety (feeling full after eating very little food
◉ Hiatal Hernia.
Answer: Often asymptomatic
Generally, a wide variety of symptoms develop later in life and are
associated with other GI disorders, primarily GERD
--Sliding hiatal hernia: treatment usually conservative. Individuals
can diminish reflux by eating small, frequent meals and avoiding the
recumbent position after eating. Abdominal supports and tight
clothing are avoided and weight control recommended for obese
individuals.
◉ Duodenal Ulcer.
Answer: Characteristic manifestation = chronic intermittent pain in
epigastric area
Pain begins 30 minutes to 2 hours after eating when stomach is
empty
HIGH-YIELD ORGAN SYSTEM DISORDERS,
CELLULAR MECHANISMS, AND CLINICAL
MANIFESTATIONS SUMMARY 2026
◉ Stage I CKD.
Answer: There is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR
90-120
◉ Stage II CKD.
Answer: There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
60-89
◉ Stage III CKD.
Answer: There is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
◉ Stage IV CKD.
Answer: There is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
,◉ Stage V CKD.
Answer: Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is
inevitable as well as dialysis or kidney transplant
◉ Complications of Decreased GFR.
Answer: Anemia
Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Fluid volume overload
Hyperkalemia
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperphosphatemia
Metabolic acidosis
Malnutrition (late complication)
◉ GERD.
Answer: Warning signs include: Symptoms over age of 50:
-Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
, -Odynophagia (pain on swallowing)
-Nausea and vomiting
-Weight loss
-Melena
-Early satiety (feeling full after eating very little food
◉ Hiatal Hernia.
Answer: Often asymptomatic
Generally, a wide variety of symptoms develop later in life and are
associated with other GI disorders, primarily GERD
--Sliding hiatal hernia: treatment usually conservative. Individuals
can diminish reflux by eating small, frequent meals and avoiding the
recumbent position after eating. Abdominal supports and tight
clothing are avoided and weight control recommended for obese
individuals.
◉ Duodenal Ulcer.
Answer: Characteristic manifestation = chronic intermittent pain in
epigastric area
Pain begins 30 minutes to 2 hours after eating when stomach is
empty
