HCB TEST 2 EXAM LATEST 2026 UPDATED QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED 100% SOLUTIONS (2026/2027) GRADE:
A+|STATUS: GUARANTEED PASS
Infection-
infective agent or material contaminated with an infective agent
Isolation-
A separation for the period of communicability of infected people or animals from others, so as
to prevent or limit the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent from those who are
infected to those who are susceptible
Microorganism-
an organism of microscopic or ultramicroscopic size.
Pathogen
-a disease producing microorganisms
Standard precautions
A group of infection prevention practices that apply to all patients, regardless of suspected or
confirmed diagnosis or presumed infection status.
Infection control concepts
Infection control concepts Standard precautions are concepts in which all body fluids are
assumed to be infected with blood-borne pathogens.
Chain of infection:
A sequence of circumstances where all events must occur to develop an infection
#1 of Chain of infection
Infectious Agent
Infectious Agent (pathogen)
disease causing microorganism
Bacteria
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,Single cell microorganism that multiply rapidly
Viruses
DNA or RNA is encased in a protein coating. Cannot reproduce outside of a living host cell.
Protozoa
Unicellular microorganism that can infect the blood, brain, intestines and other body areas
Fungi
Tiny, primitive organisms that contain no chlorophyll
Helminthes are
parasitic worms or flukes
2nd chain of infection
reservoir
reservoir
A place where the pathogen grows and reproduces
3rd chain of infection
portal of exit
portal of exit
An exit route for pathogens to leave its host
4th chain of infection
mode of transmission
mode of transmission
The manner in which an infectious agent moves from one source to another
HAIs
hospital acquired infections
direct contact
person to person physical contact between source and susceptible host
indirect contact
2|Page
, Involves contact with contaminated inanimate objects
vector transmission
occurs through a bite
Droplet infection
occurs when the droplets from an infected person are projected a short distance to the host's
nasal mucosa, mouth or conjunctiva
airborne transmission
Occurs when infectious particles dispersed in the air enter the host by inhalation
5th chain of infection
portal of entry
portal of entry
Place where the pathogen enters the body
skin
The most effective barrier to infection
Any Portal of Exit can be used as
portal of entry
6th chain of infection
susceptible host
susceptible host
A person who becomes ill after pathogens enter the body because they cannot fight off the
pathogen
A human host may be a susceptible host by
Virtue of age, weak state of health or broken skin
Antibacterial-
Directed or effective against bacteria.
Antiseptic-
preventing or arresting the growth of microorganisms.
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AND VERIFIED 100% SOLUTIONS (2026/2027) GRADE:
A+|STATUS: GUARANTEED PASS
Infection-
infective agent or material contaminated with an infective agent
Isolation-
A separation for the period of communicability of infected people or animals from others, so as
to prevent or limit the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent from those who are
infected to those who are susceptible
Microorganism-
an organism of microscopic or ultramicroscopic size.
Pathogen
-a disease producing microorganisms
Standard precautions
A group of infection prevention practices that apply to all patients, regardless of suspected or
confirmed diagnosis or presumed infection status.
Infection control concepts
Infection control concepts Standard precautions are concepts in which all body fluids are
assumed to be infected with blood-borne pathogens.
Chain of infection:
A sequence of circumstances where all events must occur to develop an infection
#1 of Chain of infection
Infectious Agent
Infectious Agent (pathogen)
disease causing microorganism
Bacteria
1|Page
,Single cell microorganism that multiply rapidly
Viruses
DNA or RNA is encased in a protein coating. Cannot reproduce outside of a living host cell.
Protozoa
Unicellular microorganism that can infect the blood, brain, intestines and other body areas
Fungi
Tiny, primitive organisms that contain no chlorophyll
Helminthes are
parasitic worms or flukes
2nd chain of infection
reservoir
reservoir
A place where the pathogen grows and reproduces
3rd chain of infection
portal of exit
portal of exit
An exit route for pathogens to leave its host
4th chain of infection
mode of transmission
mode of transmission
The manner in which an infectious agent moves from one source to another
HAIs
hospital acquired infections
direct contact
person to person physical contact between source and susceptible host
indirect contact
2|Page
, Involves contact with contaminated inanimate objects
vector transmission
occurs through a bite
Droplet infection
occurs when the droplets from an infected person are projected a short distance to the host's
nasal mucosa, mouth or conjunctiva
airborne transmission
Occurs when infectious particles dispersed in the air enter the host by inhalation
5th chain of infection
portal of entry
portal of entry
Place where the pathogen enters the body
skin
The most effective barrier to infection
Any Portal of Exit can be used as
portal of entry
6th chain of infection
susceptible host
susceptible host
A person who becomes ill after pathogens enter the body because they cannot fight off the
pathogen
A human host may be a susceptible host by
Virtue of age, weak state of health or broken skin
Antibacterial-
Directed or effective against bacteria.
Antiseptic-
preventing or arresting the growth of microorganisms.
3|Page
