Psychology 1010 Exam 1 (chapters 1-4)
Questions and Answers
Chapter 1 (science of Psychology)
Psychology - ANSWER-A scientific study of behavior and mental processes
-Focuses on BOTH our outer actions and our inner actions
-How we as humans think, feel, and act
Wundt - ANSWER-"Father of psychology"
-Established 1st psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany
-Approach: Structuralism
Structuralism and Wundt - ANSWER-Wilhelm Wundt's approach
-Our consciousness can be broken down into the essential elements
-Try to better understand the basic building blocks that make up our mental experience
Introspection - ANSWER-Careful, systematic self-observation of one's own conscious
experience
Functionalism and James - ANSWER-William James approach was Functionalism
-Considered the Father of American Psychology
-Taught the 1st psychology course ever
Functionalism
-Our consciousness serves an adaptive purpose by helping us to survive
-Fear: Help us to exercise caution and avoid dangers
-Guilt: Can rain in our behaviors and keep us in check
Psychodynamic and Freud - ANSWER-Sigmund Freud approach was Psychodynamic
theory/psychoanalysis
Psychodynamic theory/psychoanalysis
- Our behavior is deeply influenced by UNCONSCIOUS thoughts, impulses, and desires
Behaviorism (Watson and Skinner) - ANSWER-John Watson and B.F Skinner approach
was Behaviorism
Behaviorism
-Our behavior is learned, observable, and measurable
-Focus on what is observable and verifiable
,Humanistic (Rogers, Maslow) - ANSWER-Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers approach
was Humanistic psychology
-2 of the founding fathers of humanistic psychology
Humanistic psychology
-We have free will to live more creative, meaningful, and satisfying lives
Cognitive Psychology (Neisser) - ANSWER-Ulric Neisser approach was Cognitive
psychology
-Father of cognitive psychology
-Authored the 1st textbook in the field called "cognitive psychology"
Cognitive psychology
-Our brain processes information in ways which influence how we behave
-Focused on internal mental experiences
-People who embraced this approach believed that part of being human involves our
ability to think or ability to process information mentally to experience emotional states
to have perceptions to have memories
Positive Psychology (Seligman) - ANSWER-Martin Seligman approach was Positive
psychology
-Was the president of the American psychological association
Positive psychology
-Through applying scientific research findings we can help people to flourish and
enhance their overall well being
-Strongly based in rigorous scientific research
-Research on gratitude, thankfulness, acts of kindness, mindfulness, and savoring
-Many subfields and speciality areas have emerged (cognitive psychology, humanistic
psychology, and positive psychology)
Scientific Method - ANSWER-Refers to a series of steps that are predetermined and
steps that a researcher is going to follow in attempting to investigate a particular topic
6 steps:
Step 1: Posing a question
Step 2: Conducting a literature review
Step 3: Developing a hypothesis
Step 4: Testing the hypothesis by collecting data
Step 5: Analyzing the data and drawing conclusions
Step 6: Sharing the results
Types of research:
-Naturalistic observation
-Correlation
-Case study
-Survey
-Experiment
, Experiment - ANSWER--A type of research in which the goal is to determine the cause-
and-effect relationship between 2 variables by manipulating one and observing changes
in the other
The experimental method
-The scientific method that is used when conducting an experiment
Step 1: Identify an issue to be studied and formulate a hypothesis regarding the cause-
and-effect relationship among variables
Hypothesis - ANSWER-An educated guess
-A tentative, testable prediction
Step 2: Design and execute an experiment to test the hypothesized relationship
variables
Operational - ANSWER-Statement of the procedures used to define, manipulate, and
measure research variables
Independent variable - ANSWER-Variable under the control of the researcher
-Manipulated by the researcher
Note: Participants in the experimental group are exposed to the independent variable;
those in the control group are not
Ex: positive thinking statement from
Dependent Variable - ANSWER-Variable being measured; the variable being checked
to see if it depends on changes in the independent variable
Ex: memory from nonsense syllables
Confounding Variable - ANSWER-Rival (alternative) explanations for changes in the
dependent variable
-Any factors other than the independent variable that could affect the dependent
variable
2 types of confounding variables:
-placebo effect
-pre-existing differences
Experimental Group - ANSWER--Is composed of participants who do not receive the
experimental treatment
-When conducting an experiment, these people are randomly assigned to be in this
group
-They also closely resemble the participants who are in the experimental group or the
individuals who receive the treatment
Control Group - ANSWER-
Questions and Answers
Chapter 1 (science of Psychology)
Psychology - ANSWER-A scientific study of behavior and mental processes
-Focuses on BOTH our outer actions and our inner actions
-How we as humans think, feel, and act
Wundt - ANSWER-"Father of psychology"
-Established 1st psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany
-Approach: Structuralism
Structuralism and Wundt - ANSWER-Wilhelm Wundt's approach
-Our consciousness can be broken down into the essential elements
-Try to better understand the basic building blocks that make up our mental experience
Introspection - ANSWER-Careful, systematic self-observation of one's own conscious
experience
Functionalism and James - ANSWER-William James approach was Functionalism
-Considered the Father of American Psychology
-Taught the 1st psychology course ever
Functionalism
-Our consciousness serves an adaptive purpose by helping us to survive
-Fear: Help us to exercise caution and avoid dangers
-Guilt: Can rain in our behaviors and keep us in check
Psychodynamic and Freud - ANSWER-Sigmund Freud approach was Psychodynamic
theory/psychoanalysis
Psychodynamic theory/psychoanalysis
- Our behavior is deeply influenced by UNCONSCIOUS thoughts, impulses, and desires
Behaviorism (Watson and Skinner) - ANSWER-John Watson and B.F Skinner approach
was Behaviorism
Behaviorism
-Our behavior is learned, observable, and measurable
-Focus on what is observable and verifiable
,Humanistic (Rogers, Maslow) - ANSWER-Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers approach
was Humanistic psychology
-2 of the founding fathers of humanistic psychology
Humanistic psychology
-We have free will to live more creative, meaningful, and satisfying lives
Cognitive Psychology (Neisser) - ANSWER-Ulric Neisser approach was Cognitive
psychology
-Father of cognitive psychology
-Authored the 1st textbook in the field called "cognitive psychology"
Cognitive psychology
-Our brain processes information in ways which influence how we behave
-Focused on internal mental experiences
-People who embraced this approach believed that part of being human involves our
ability to think or ability to process information mentally to experience emotional states
to have perceptions to have memories
Positive Psychology (Seligman) - ANSWER-Martin Seligman approach was Positive
psychology
-Was the president of the American psychological association
Positive psychology
-Through applying scientific research findings we can help people to flourish and
enhance their overall well being
-Strongly based in rigorous scientific research
-Research on gratitude, thankfulness, acts of kindness, mindfulness, and savoring
-Many subfields and speciality areas have emerged (cognitive psychology, humanistic
psychology, and positive psychology)
Scientific Method - ANSWER-Refers to a series of steps that are predetermined and
steps that a researcher is going to follow in attempting to investigate a particular topic
6 steps:
Step 1: Posing a question
Step 2: Conducting a literature review
Step 3: Developing a hypothesis
Step 4: Testing the hypothesis by collecting data
Step 5: Analyzing the data and drawing conclusions
Step 6: Sharing the results
Types of research:
-Naturalistic observation
-Correlation
-Case study
-Survey
-Experiment
, Experiment - ANSWER--A type of research in which the goal is to determine the cause-
and-effect relationship between 2 variables by manipulating one and observing changes
in the other
The experimental method
-The scientific method that is used when conducting an experiment
Step 1: Identify an issue to be studied and formulate a hypothesis regarding the cause-
and-effect relationship among variables
Hypothesis - ANSWER-An educated guess
-A tentative, testable prediction
Step 2: Design and execute an experiment to test the hypothesized relationship
variables
Operational - ANSWER-Statement of the procedures used to define, manipulate, and
measure research variables
Independent variable - ANSWER-Variable under the control of the researcher
-Manipulated by the researcher
Note: Participants in the experimental group are exposed to the independent variable;
those in the control group are not
Ex: positive thinking statement from
Dependent Variable - ANSWER-Variable being measured; the variable being checked
to see if it depends on changes in the independent variable
Ex: memory from nonsense syllables
Confounding Variable - ANSWER-Rival (alternative) explanations for changes in the
dependent variable
-Any factors other than the independent variable that could affect the dependent
variable
2 types of confounding variables:
-placebo effect
-pre-existing differences
Experimental Group - ANSWER--Is composed of participants who do not receive the
experimental treatment
-When conducting an experiment, these people are randomly assigned to be in this
group
-They also closely resemble the participants who are in the experimental group or the
individuals who receive the treatment
Control Group - ANSWER-
