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APPLIED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FOR THE ADVANCED PRACTICE NURSE PRACTICE EXAMINATION –
CHAPTERS 1-14 Questions with Answers and Rationales
CHAPTER 1: CELLULAR FUNCTION AND ALTERATIONS
(Questions)
1. The most common cause of cellular injury is:
A) Genetic mutation
B) Hypoxia
C) Trauma
D) Infection
Answer: B
Rationale: Hypoxia (oxygen deficiency) is the most common
cause of cellular injury, leading to decreased ATP production
and cell death.
2. Which organelle is most sensitive to hypoxic injury?
A) Golgi apparatus
B) Mitochondria
C) Ribosomes
D) Endoplasmic reticulum
Answer: B
Rationale: Mitochondria are highly sensitive to hypoxia because
they require oxygen for oxidative phosphorylation.
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3. "Reversible cell injury" is characterized by:
A) Cell death
B) Cellular swelling and fatty changes
C) Apoptosis
D) Necrosis only
Answer: B
Rationale: Reversible injury shows swelling and fatty changes; if
the stimulus is removed, the cell can recover.
4. "Irreversible cell injury" is characterized by:
A) Cellular swelling only
B) Mitochondrial dysfunction and membrane damage leading to
cell death
C) Fatty change only
D) No structural changes
Answer: B
Rationale: Irreversible injury involves severe mitochondrial and
membrane damage, leading to necrosis.
5. The hallmark of "necrosis" is:
A) Programmed cell death without inflammation
B) Uncontrolled cell death with inflammation
C) Cell shrinkage
D) Formation of apoptotic bodies
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Answer: B
Rationale: Necrosis is unregulated cell death that triggers
inflammation.
6. "Apoptosis" differs from necrosis because apoptosis:
A) Causes inflammation
B) Is programmed cell death without inflammation
C) Is always pathological
D) Never occurs normally
Answer: B
Rationale: Apoptosis is regulated cell death without
inflammatory response.
7. "Coagulative necrosis" is most commonly caused by:
A) Bacterial infection
B) Ischemia (e.g., myocardial infarction)
C) Pancreatitis
D) Tuberculosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis occurs with ischemia, especially
in the heart, kidney, and spleen.
8. "Liquefactive necrosis" is typically seen in:
A) Heart muscle
B) Brain tissue and abscesses
C) Liver
D) Kidneys
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Answer: B
Rationale: Liquefactive necrosis occurs in the brain due to high
lipid content and in bacterial abscesses.
9. "Caseous necrosis" is characteristic of:
A) Ischemic injury
B) Tuberculosis
C) Burns
D) Frostbite
Answer: B
Rationale: Caseous necrosis has a cheese-like appearance, seen
in TB granulomas.
10. "Fat necrosis" is associated with:
A) Brain injury
B) Pancreatitis and trauma to adipose tissue
C) Heart attack
D) Lung infection
Answer: B
Rationale: Fat necrosis occurs when lipases break down
triglycerides, often in pancreatitis.
11. "Gangrenous necrosis" is a type of:
A) Liquefactive necrosis
B) Coagulative necrosis with secondary infection
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Fibrinoid necrosis
APPLIED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FOR THE ADVANCED PRACTICE NURSE PRACTICE EXAMINATION –
CHAPTERS 1-14 Questions with Answers and Rationales
CHAPTER 1: CELLULAR FUNCTION AND ALTERATIONS
(Questions)
1. The most common cause of cellular injury is:
A) Genetic mutation
B) Hypoxia
C) Trauma
D) Infection
Answer: B
Rationale: Hypoxia (oxygen deficiency) is the most common
cause of cellular injury, leading to decreased ATP production
and cell death.
2. Which organelle is most sensitive to hypoxic injury?
A) Golgi apparatus
B) Mitochondria
C) Ribosomes
D) Endoplasmic reticulum
Answer: B
Rationale: Mitochondria are highly sensitive to hypoxia because
they require oxygen for oxidative phosphorylation.
,https://www.stuvia.com/user/Performance
3. "Reversible cell injury" is characterized by:
A) Cell death
B) Cellular swelling and fatty changes
C) Apoptosis
D) Necrosis only
Answer: B
Rationale: Reversible injury shows swelling and fatty changes; if
the stimulus is removed, the cell can recover.
4. "Irreversible cell injury" is characterized by:
A) Cellular swelling only
B) Mitochondrial dysfunction and membrane damage leading to
cell death
C) Fatty change only
D) No structural changes
Answer: B
Rationale: Irreversible injury involves severe mitochondrial and
membrane damage, leading to necrosis.
5. The hallmark of "necrosis" is:
A) Programmed cell death without inflammation
B) Uncontrolled cell death with inflammation
C) Cell shrinkage
D) Formation of apoptotic bodies
,https://www.stuvia.com/user/Performance
Answer: B
Rationale: Necrosis is unregulated cell death that triggers
inflammation.
6. "Apoptosis" differs from necrosis because apoptosis:
A) Causes inflammation
B) Is programmed cell death without inflammation
C) Is always pathological
D) Never occurs normally
Answer: B
Rationale: Apoptosis is regulated cell death without
inflammatory response.
7. "Coagulative necrosis" is most commonly caused by:
A) Bacterial infection
B) Ischemia (e.g., myocardial infarction)
C) Pancreatitis
D) Tuberculosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis occurs with ischemia, especially
in the heart, kidney, and spleen.
8. "Liquefactive necrosis" is typically seen in:
A) Heart muscle
B) Brain tissue and abscesses
C) Liver
D) Kidneys
, https://www.stuvia.com/user/Performance
Answer: B
Rationale: Liquefactive necrosis occurs in the brain due to high
lipid content and in bacterial abscesses.
9. "Caseous necrosis" is characteristic of:
A) Ischemic injury
B) Tuberculosis
C) Burns
D) Frostbite
Answer: B
Rationale: Caseous necrosis has a cheese-like appearance, seen
in TB granulomas.
10. "Fat necrosis" is associated with:
A) Brain injury
B) Pancreatitis and trauma to adipose tissue
C) Heart attack
D) Lung infection
Answer: B
Rationale: Fat necrosis occurs when lipases break down
triglycerides, often in pancreatitis.
11. "Gangrenous necrosis" is a type of:
A) Liquefactive necrosis
B) Coagulative necrosis with secondary infection
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Fibrinoid necrosis
