MIC 205 Exam 1 UPDATED QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Microbe - CORRECT ANSWER A microscopic organism or agent; includes bacteria, archaea,
protozoa, fungi, microscopic algae, and viruses.
How do microbes benefit humans? - CORRECT ANSWER They help digest food, produce
vitamins, protect against pathogens, produce foods and medicines, recycle nutrients, and perform
other essential biological processes.
How do microbes benefit the environment? - CORRECT ANSWER They decompose dead
organisms and wastes, recycle nutrients, fix nitrogen, produce oxygen, and participate in important
ecological cycles.
What are the 3 Domains of life? - CORRECT ANSWER Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
Domain Bacteria - CORRECT ANSWER Prokaryotic organisms whose cells lack a nucleus
and membrane-bound organelles; most have cell walls containing peptidoglycan.
Domain Archaea - CORRECT ANSWER Prokaryotic organisms that lack a nucleus and
membrane-bound organelles but differ chemically and genetically from bacteria; their cell walls do
not contain peptidoglycan.
Domain Eukarya - CORRECT ANSWER Organisms whose cells contain a true nucleus and
membrane-bound organelles; includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals.
Bacteria vs. Archaea - CORRECT ANSWER Both are prokaryotic, but bacteria typically
contain peptidoglycan in their cell walls while archaea do not. Archaea also have distinctive
membrane lipids and genetic characteristics.
Bacteria vs. Eukarya - CORRECT ANSWER Bacteria are prokaryotic and lack a nucleus and
membrane-bound organelles; eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
,Kingdom Fungi - CORRECT ANSWER Eukaryotic organisms that absorb nutrients from their
environment; includes yeasts and molds. Fungal cell walls contain chitin.
Kingdom Protista - CORRECT ANSWER A diverse group of mostly unicellular eukaryotes
that includes protozoa and algae.
Kingdom Plantae - CORRECT ANSWER Multicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes with
cellulose-containing cell walls and chloroplasts.
Kingdom Animalia - CORRECT ANSWER Multicellular eukaryotes that obtain nutrients by
ingestion and lack cell walls.
Robert Koch - CORRECT ANSWER Established the relationship between specific microbes
and specific diseases and developed Koch's postulates.
Koch's postulates - CORRECT ANSWER A set of criteria used to establish that a particular
microorganism causes a particular disease.
Louis Pasteur - CORRECT ANSWER Disproved spontaneous generation, demonstrated that
microbes cause fermentation and spoilage, contributed to germ theory, and developed pasteurization
and vaccines.
Edward Jenner - CORRECT ANSWER Developed the first successful vaccine by using
cowpox to protect people against smallpox.
Alexander Fleming - CORRECT ANSWER Discovered penicillin after observing that
Penicillium mold inhibited the growth of bacteria.
Robert Hooke - CORRECT ANSWER Used an early microscope to observe and describe
microscopic fungi and coined the term "cell" from his observations of cork.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek - CORRECT ANSWER First to observe and describe living
microorganisms using simple microscopes; called them "animalcules."
, Paul Ehrlich - CORRECT ANSWER Helped establish chemotherapy and developed the
concept of using chemicals that selectively kill microbes without seriously harming the host.
Spontaneous generation - CORRECT ANSWER The historical belief that living organisms
could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter.
How was spontaneous generation disproven? - CORRECT ANSWER Experiments, especially
Pasteur's swan-neck flask experiment, showed that microorganisms arise from existing
microorganisms rather than spontaneously from nonliving matter.
Biogenesis - CORRECT ANSWER The principle that living organisms arise from other living
organisms.
Scientific name - CORRECT ANSWER A two-part name consisting of an organism's genus
and species; the genus is capitalized and the species is lowercase, and both are italicized when typed.
Example of a scientific name - CORRECT ANSWER Escherichia coli; Escherichia is the
genus and coli is the species.
Taxonomic hierarchy - CORRECT ANSWER Domain → Kingdom → Phylum → Class →
Order → Family → Genus → Species.
Taxonomy - CORRECT ANSWER The science of classifying and naming organisms.
Phylogeny - CORRECT ANSWER The evolutionary history and relationships among
organisms.
Taxonomy vs. phylogeny - CORRECT ANSWER Taxonomy organizes and names organisms,
while phylogeny describes their evolutionary relationships.
Virus - CORRECT ANSWER An acellular infectious agent consisting primarily of genetic
material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat; some also have an envelope.
AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Microbe - CORRECT ANSWER A microscopic organism or agent; includes bacteria, archaea,
protozoa, fungi, microscopic algae, and viruses.
How do microbes benefit humans? - CORRECT ANSWER They help digest food, produce
vitamins, protect against pathogens, produce foods and medicines, recycle nutrients, and perform
other essential biological processes.
How do microbes benefit the environment? - CORRECT ANSWER They decompose dead
organisms and wastes, recycle nutrients, fix nitrogen, produce oxygen, and participate in important
ecological cycles.
What are the 3 Domains of life? - CORRECT ANSWER Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
Domain Bacteria - CORRECT ANSWER Prokaryotic organisms whose cells lack a nucleus
and membrane-bound organelles; most have cell walls containing peptidoglycan.
Domain Archaea - CORRECT ANSWER Prokaryotic organisms that lack a nucleus and
membrane-bound organelles but differ chemically and genetically from bacteria; their cell walls do
not contain peptidoglycan.
Domain Eukarya - CORRECT ANSWER Organisms whose cells contain a true nucleus and
membrane-bound organelles; includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals.
Bacteria vs. Archaea - CORRECT ANSWER Both are prokaryotic, but bacteria typically
contain peptidoglycan in their cell walls while archaea do not. Archaea also have distinctive
membrane lipids and genetic characteristics.
Bacteria vs. Eukarya - CORRECT ANSWER Bacteria are prokaryotic and lack a nucleus and
membrane-bound organelles; eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
,Kingdom Fungi - CORRECT ANSWER Eukaryotic organisms that absorb nutrients from their
environment; includes yeasts and molds. Fungal cell walls contain chitin.
Kingdom Protista - CORRECT ANSWER A diverse group of mostly unicellular eukaryotes
that includes protozoa and algae.
Kingdom Plantae - CORRECT ANSWER Multicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes with
cellulose-containing cell walls and chloroplasts.
Kingdom Animalia - CORRECT ANSWER Multicellular eukaryotes that obtain nutrients by
ingestion and lack cell walls.
Robert Koch - CORRECT ANSWER Established the relationship between specific microbes
and specific diseases and developed Koch's postulates.
Koch's postulates - CORRECT ANSWER A set of criteria used to establish that a particular
microorganism causes a particular disease.
Louis Pasteur - CORRECT ANSWER Disproved spontaneous generation, demonstrated that
microbes cause fermentation and spoilage, contributed to germ theory, and developed pasteurization
and vaccines.
Edward Jenner - CORRECT ANSWER Developed the first successful vaccine by using
cowpox to protect people against smallpox.
Alexander Fleming - CORRECT ANSWER Discovered penicillin after observing that
Penicillium mold inhibited the growth of bacteria.
Robert Hooke - CORRECT ANSWER Used an early microscope to observe and describe
microscopic fungi and coined the term "cell" from his observations of cork.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek - CORRECT ANSWER First to observe and describe living
microorganisms using simple microscopes; called them "animalcules."
, Paul Ehrlich - CORRECT ANSWER Helped establish chemotherapy and developed the
concept of using chemicals that selectively kill microbes without seriously harming the host.
Spontaneous generation - CORRECT ANSWER The historical belief that living organisms
could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter.
How was spontaneous generation disproven? - CORRECT ANSWER Experiments, especially
Pasteur's swan-neck flask experiment, showed that microorganisms arise from existing
microorganisms rather than spontaneously from nonliving matter.
Biogenesis - CORRECT ANSWER The principle that living organisms arise from other living
organisms.
Scientific name - CORRECT ANSWER A two-part name consisting of an organism's genus
and species; the genus is capitalized and the species is lowercase, and both are italicized when typed.
Example of a scientific name - CORRECT ANSWER Escherichia coli; Escherichia is the
genus and coli is the species.
Taxonomic hierarchy - CORRECT ANSWER Domain → Kingdom → Phylum → Class →
Order → Family → Genus → Species.
Taxonomy - CORRECT ANSWER The science of classifying and naming organisms.
Phylogeny - CORRECT ANSWER The evolutionary history and relationships among
organisms.
Taxonomy vs. phylogeny - CORRECT ANSWER Taxonomy organizes and names organisms,
while phylogeny describes their evolutionary relationships.
Virus - CORRECT ANSWER An acellular infectious agent consisting primarily of genetic
material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat; some also have an envelope.
