PORTAGE LEARNING NURS 231
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2 EXAM 2026 CONCEPT
BREAKDOWN AND CLINICAL APPLICATION
REVIEW
◉ neoplasm. Answer: the new growth that occurs as a result of
neoplasia
◉ proliferation. Answer: --process of increasing cell numbers by
mitotic cell division
◉ differentiation. Answer: process in which cells become more
specialized with each mitotic division
◉ cell cycle (figure 2.1). Answer: G1 (first growth phase)
S (DNA synthesis phase)
to G2 (second growth phase)
M (mitosis).
◉ G1. Answer: (gap 1)
--DNA synthesis stops
--cell enlarges
, --both RNA and protein synthesis begin
◉ S phase. Answer: --DNA synthesis occurs
--produces two separate sets of chromosomes, one for each
daughter cell.
◉ G2. Answer: (gap 2)
--DNA synthesis again stops
--RNA/protein synthesis continues
--first three (G1, S, G2) phases are referred to as interphase
◉ checkpoints. Answer: --Located at the end of each of these phases
(G1, S-phase, and G2)
--means of molecular surveillance used to ensure the cell is ready to
proceed to the next phase
--if not, the cycle is halted and allowed to complete its replication or
even repair any DNA damage (when detected), thereby ensuring all
the genetic information is passed on correctly.
◉ M phase. Answer: --consists of mitosis (dividing up the DNA) and
cytoplasmic division
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2 EXAM 2026 CONCEPT
BREAKDOWN AND CLINICAL APPLICATION
REVIEW
◉ neoplasm. Answer: the new growth that occurs as a result of
neoplasia
◉ proliferation. Answer: --process of increasing cell numbers by
mitotic cell division
◉ differentiation. Answer: process in which cells become more
specialized with each mitotic division
◉ cell cycle (figure 2.1). Answer: G1 (first growth phase)
S (DNA synthesis phase)
to G2 (second growth phase)
M (mitosis).
◉ G1. Answer: (gap 1)
--DNA synthesis stops
--cell enlarges
, --both RNA and protein synthesis begin
◉ S phase. Answer: --DNA synthesis occurs
--produces two separate sets of chromosomes, one for each
daughter cell.
◉ G2. Answer: (gap 2)
--DNA synthesis again stops
--RNA/protein synthesis continues
--first three (G1, S, G2) phases are referred to as interphase
◉ checkpoints. Answer: --Located at the end of each of these phases
(G1, S-phase, and G2)
--means of molecular surveillance used to ensure the cell is ready to
proceed to the next phase
--if not, the cycle is halted and allowed to complete its replication or
even repair any DNA damage (when detected), thereby ensuring all
the genetic information is passed on correctly.
◉ M phase. Answer: --consists of mitosis (dividing up the DNA) and
cytoplasmic division
