,NSG 3280 Exam 4 | Pathophysiology for
Nurses I (2026/2027) PDF | Nursing | Galen
1. A client presents with a painless, ulcerated lesion on the penis 3 weeks after
unprotected sex. Which stage of syphilis is most likely?
A) Primary syphilis
B) Secondary syphilis
C) Latent syphilis
D) Tertiary syphilis
Correct Answer: A) Primary syphilis
Rationale: Primary syphilis is characterized by a painless chancre at the site of
inoculation, typically appearing 2 to 3 weeks after exposure. The lesion may
persist for up to 12 weeks. Secondary syphilis presents with a systemic rash,
latent syphilis is asymptomatic, and tertiary syphilis causes severe systemic
damage.
2. Which pathophysiological mechanism is the primary cause of benign prostatic
hyperplasia?
A) Neoplastic transformation of prostate epithelial cells
B) Hyperplasia of periurethral glands due to aging hormonal changes
C) Hypertrophy of the prostate due to bacterial infection
D) Atrophy of glandular tissue causing inflammation
Correct Answer: B) Hyperplasia of periurethral glands due to aging hormonal
changes
,Rationale: BPH is not cancer but hyperplasia of the glands surrounding the
urethra. It results from changes in aging hormones, including decreased
testosterone and increased estrogen and dihydrotestosterone. This leads to
increased cell number and urethral obstruction.
3. A patient diagnosed with testicular torsion asks why urgent surgery is
needed. The nurse explains that torsion leads to which outcome?
A) Autoimmune sterility
B) Aggressive testicular cancer
C) Ischemia and potential infarction of the testicle
D) Systemic sepsis within hours
Correct Answer: C) Ischemia and potential infarction of the testicle
Rationale: Torsion twists the spermatic cord, compressing arterial supply and
venous drainage. Without rapid intervention, usually within 6 hours, ischemia
progresses to necrosis and permanent testicular loss. This makes it a time-
sensitive surgical emergency.
4. Which group of STIs must be reported to public health authorities?
A) HPV, herpes, trichomoniasis, chlamydia
B) Syphilis, gonorrhea, HPV, herpes
C) HIV, syphilis, HPV, trichomoniasis
D) HIV, syphilis, chlamydia, gonorrhea
, Correct Answer: D) HIV, syphilis, chlamydia, gonorrhea
Rationale: HIV, syphilis, chlamydia, and gonorrhea are reportable STIs because
they pose significant public health risks requiring partner notification and
surveillance. HPV, herpes, and trichomoniasis are not typically reportable in the
same manner. Reporting enables disease control.
5. Which finding is characteristic of secondary syphilis?
A) A rash on the trunk and extremities including the hands and feet
B) A painless chancre on the genitals
C) Gummas on the skin and bones
D) Cardiovascular damage and neurological symptoms
Correct Answer: A) A rash on the trunk and extremities including the hands and
feet
Rationale: Secondary syphilis occurs as the spirochete spreads systemically,
causing a distinctive rash on the trunk and extremities, often including the
palms and soles. The chancre is primary. Gummas and cardiovascular or
neurological damage occur in tertiary syphilis.
6. Venous obstruction causes edema by which mechanism?
A) Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
B) Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
C) Decreased plasma oncotic pressure
D) Increased lymphatic drainage
Nurses I (2026/2027) PDF | Nursing | Galen
1. A client presents with a painless, ulcerated lesion on the penis 3 weeks after
unprotected sex. Which stage of syphilis is most likely?
A) Primary syphilis
B) Secondary syphilis
C) Latent syphilis
D) Tertiary syphilis
Correct Answer: A) Primary syphilis
Rationale: Primary syphilis is characterized by a painless chancre at the site of
inoculation, typically appearing 2 to 3 weeks after exposure. The lesion may
persist for up to 12 weeks. Secondary syphilis presents with a systemic rash,
latent syphilis is asymptomatic, and tertiary syphilis causes severe systemic
damage.
2. Which pathophysiological mechanism is the primary cause of benign prostatic
hyperplasia?
A) Neoplastic transformation of prostate epithelial cells
B) Hyperplasia of periurethral glands due to aging hormonal changes
C) Hypertrophy of the prostate due to bacterial infection
D) Atrophy of glandular tissue causing inflammation
Correct Answer: B) Hyperplasia of periurethral glands due to aging hormonal
changes
,Rationale: BPH is not cancer but hyperplasia of the glands surrounding the
urethra. It results from changes in aging hormones, including decreased
testosterone and increased estrogen and dihydrotestosterone. This leads to
increased cell number and urethral obstruction.
3. A patient diagnosed with testicular torsion asks why urgent surgery is
needed. The nurse explains that torsion leads to which outcome?
A) Autoimmune sterility
B) Aggressive testicular cancer
C) Ischemia and potential infarction of the testicle
D) Systemic sepsis within hours
Correct Answer: C) Ischemia and potential infarction of the testicle
Rationale: Torsion twists the spermatic cord, compressing arterial supply and
venous drainage. Without rapid intervention, usually within 6 hours, ischemia
progresses to necrosis and permanent testicular loss. This makes it a time-
sensitive surgical emergency.
4. Which group of STIs must be reported to public health authorities?
A) HPV, herpes, trichomoniasis, chlamydia
B) Syphilis, gonorrhea, HPV, herpes
C) HIV, syphilis, HPV, trichomoniasis
D) HIV, syphilis, chlamydia, gonorrhea
, Correct Answer: D) HIV, syphilis, chlamydia, gonorrhea
Rationale: HIV, syphilis, chlamydia, and gonorrhea are reportable STIs because
they pose significant public health risks requiring partner notification and
surveillance. HPV, herpes, and trichomoniasis are not typically reportable in the
same manner. Reporting enables disease control.
5. Which finding is characteristic of secondary syphilis?
A) A rash on the trunk and extremities including the hands and feet
B) A painless chancre on the genitals
C) Gummas on the skin and bones
D) Cardiovascular damage and neurological symptoms
Correct Answer: A) A rash on the trunk and extremities including the hands and
feet
Rationale: Secondary syphilis occurs as the spirochete spreads systemically,
causing a distinctive rash on the trunk and extremities, often including the
palms and soles. The chancre is primary. Gummas and cardiovascular or
neurological damage occur in tertiary syphilis.
6. Venous obstruction causes edema by which mechanism?
A) Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
B) Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
C) Decreased plasma oncotic pressure
D) Increased lymphatic drainage
