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Test Bank for Infectious Diseases of Concern to Captive and Free Ranging Wildlife in North America Comprehensive Questions and Answers for Wildlife Disease Management Course and Wildlife Health Subject

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This comprehensive test bank for Infectious Diseases of Concern to Captive and Free Ranging Wildlife in North America is designed to support students studying wildlife health, infectious diseases, veterinary science, conservation biology, and wildlife disease management. The resource provides useful study support for reviewing important concepts related to infectious disease transmission, pathogen ecology, disease surveillance, epidemiology, prevention, diagnosis, and management among captive and free-ranging wildlife populations. Students can use the material to reinforce concepts discussed in lectures, textbook readings, classroom activities, and other approved learning resources while preparing for quizzes, examinations, midterms, finals, and related academic assessments. Important areas may include bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic, and other infectious diseases affecting wildlife, as well as interactions between wildlife, domestic animals, humans, and environmental factors. The resource can also assist learners in understanding disease risks, population health, conservation concerns, biosecurity, monitoring strategies, and approaches to managing infectious diseases in diverse wildlife settings. It is particularly useful for students in wildlife biology, veterinary medicine, zoology, conservation, animal health, and related environmental health programs seeking structured review material for infectious disease and wildlife health topics.

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InfectiousDiseaseManual Y Y




Infectious Diseases of Concern to Y Y Y Y Y




CaptiveandFreeRangingWildlifein
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North America Y




Anofficialpublication ofthe
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AmericanAssociationofZooVeterinarians Animal
Y Y Y Y Y Y




Health andWelfare Committee
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Updated April2020 EditedY Y Y Y




by
Paige Brock, DVM, DACZM, cVMA Gretchen
Y Y Y Y Y Y




Cole,DVM,DACZM,DECZM(ZHM)
Y Y Y Y




and
Richard Sim, DVM, DACZM Y Y Y

,Introduction:
This publication was designed as a startingreference poin for information on the
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infectious diseases tha affec zoo and wild animal species captively housed or free-
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ranging in North America. This volume complements a similar dynamic and
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routinely-updated version tha exists for the same populations in Europe. While Y Y JY Y Y Y Y Y Y Y




each shee has been peer-reviewed, often by a topic expert, these fac sheets are no
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intended to be used as an exclusive source of information, bu rather provide quick
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reference of basic disease properties and concerns. These fac sheets also highligh
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diagnostics, laboratories, specialists, and treatmen recommendations for clinicians,
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pathologists, and wildlife biologists tha encounter an infectious disease.
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This compendium acts as a common resource and poin of information for this discipline.
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I is importan to remember tha these fac sheets are no to replace state or federal
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regulations. As such, they are no legally enforceable documents or required standards
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of care.
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, American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Infectious Disease Manual Y Y Y Y Y Y Y




ACANTHAMOEBIASIS
Animal Y Transmission Clinical Y Severity Treatment Prevention Y Zoonotic
Group(s) Y Signs and Control Y




Affected
-Primates -Source:soil, Y Y
- -Asymptomatic in Y
Pentamidine Y - Difficul JY -No directly JY Y




-Dogs water Cutaneous immunecompeten JY isethionate; Y
due to transmitted
-Sheep -Gains entry Y
lesions individuals
Y Sulfadiazine; Y ubiquitous Y
-Can cause Y Y




-Cattle via: breaks in Y Y Y
-Sinusitis Flucytosine; Y
nature of Y

disease in Y Y




-Horses skin; Y

-Pneumonitis -Frequently fatal in Y Y Y
Fluconazole; Y the Y
humans
-Kangaroos respiratory Y


-Neurologic immunocompromised Y
Y
Itraconazole Y
organism
-Birds tract; corneal Y


signs individuals Amphotericin Y
- Limi JY




-Reptiles surface; Y



-Fever B; exposure Y




-Amphibians hematogenous -Nausea Azithromycin to dust,
-Fish spreadtocentral Y Y Y




-Vomiting soil, and Y




-Invertebrates nervous system Y
water

Fac Shee compiled by: Laurie Gage
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Sheet completed on: April 14, 2011; updated 19 March 2013.
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Fact Sheet Reviewed by: Kimberly Rainwater, Ariana Finkelstein
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Susceptible animal groups: Primates, dogs, sheep, cattle, horses, kangaroos, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish,
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invertebrates.
Causative organism: Opportunistic protozoan parasites, Acanthamoeba spp. (A. castellanii, A. culbertsoni, A.
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hatchetti, A. healyi, A. polyphaga, A. rhysodes, A. astronyxis, A. divionensis)
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Zoonotic potential: May infect cornea of contact lens wearers and cause disseminated infection in
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immunocompromised individuals. JY




Distribution: Ubiquitous worldwide. It may be found in soil; fresh and brackish water; bottled mineral water;
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cooling towers of electric and nuclear power plants; heating, ventilating, and air conditioning units, humidifiers;
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Jacuzzi tubs; hydrotherapy pools in hospitals; dental irrigation units; dialysis machines; dust in the air; bacterial,
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fungal , and mammalian cell cultures; contact lenses and ophthalmic saline flush; aural discharge; pulmonary
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secretions; feces. JY




Incubation period: 1 day to 2 weeks JY JY JY JY JY JY




Clinical signs: Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis: depression, nausea, vomiting, low-grade fever, lethargy,
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cerebellar ataxia, visual disturbances, hemiparesis, cranial nerve deficits, seizures, and coma. Cutaneous lesions:
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ulcers, nodules, and subcutaneous abscesses. Respiratory: sinusitis and pneumonitis. Acanthamoeba keratitis
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(reported in humans only): ocular pain, photophobia, corneal ulceration, loss of visual acuity, and blindness.
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Post mortem, gross, or histologic findings:
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Gross Findings: multifocal encephalomalacia and cerebral hemorrhage; nodular necrosis in the liver, kidney, lung,
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pancreas; multifocal granulomatous pneumonia; cutaneous granulomas
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Histologic Findings: Focal areas of necrosis and granulomatous inflammation in affected tissues; necrotizing
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vasculitis; [resence of cysts (12-16 um diameter) and trophozoites (14-40 um diameter) in affected tissues
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Diagnosis: Direct observation of amoebae in tissues stained with hematoxylin-eosin; indirect
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immunofluorescence staining using rabbit anti-amoeba sera; polymerase chain reaction to detect amoeba DNA JY JY JY JY JY JY JY JY JY JY JY JY




in tissue and cerebrospinal fluid samples; computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging
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Material required for laboratory analysis: Serum, cerebrospinal fluid, formalin-fixed tissue samples, fresh
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tissue samples for culture (culture should only be done by accredited laboratories with the proper safety equipment)
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, American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Infectious Disease Manual Y Y Y Y Y Y Y




ACANTHAMOEBIASIS

Relevant diagnostic laboratories:
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Treatment: Pentamidine isethionate, sulfadiazine and other sulfa drugs, flucytosine, fluconazole, itraconazole,
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amphotericin B, and azithromycin. JY JY JY




Prevention and control: Limit exposure to airborne soil particles that may carry cysts to the respiratory system;
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prevent exposure of open wounds to contaminated soil or water; preventative measures are especially important for
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immunocompromised individuals. JY




Suggested disinfectant for housing facilities: Chlorhexidine, isopropyl alcohol (20%), hydrogen peroxide
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Notification Not required JY JY




Measures required under the Animal Disease Surveillance Plan None required
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Measures required for introducing animals to infected animal None required
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Conditions for restoring disease-free status after an outbreak: It is not possible due to ubiquitous nature of this
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organism.
Experts who may be consulted Centers for Disease Control
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References:
1. Mehlhorn, H. 2008. Encyclopedia of Parasitology Volume 1, 3rd Ed. Springer-Verlag, New York. Pp: 2.
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2. Schuster, F.L., and G.S. Visvesvara. 2004. Amebae and ciliated protozoa as causal agents of waterborne
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zoonotic disease. Vet. Parasitol. 126: 91-120. JY JY JY JY JY




3. Rutala, W.A., D.J. Weber, and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices AdvisoryCommittee. 2008.
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Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities, 2008.
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http://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/pdf/guidelines/Disinfection_Nov_2008.pdf. Accessed 14 April 2011. JY JY JY JY




4. Visvesvara, G.S., H. Moura, and F L. Schuster. 2007. Pathogenic and opportunistic free-living amoebae:
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Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris, Naegleria fowleri, and Sappinia diploidea. FEMS JY JY JY JY JY JY JY JY JY JY




Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 50: 1-26. JY JY JY JY

Connected book
 image
David Wilks, Mark Farrington, David Rubenstein The Infectious Diseases Manual
Publisher: 2008 ISBN: 9780470757239 Edition: Unknown

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September 3, 2026
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