BSC 216 Exam 2 Hicks Stud Guide
Questions and Accurate Answers 2026-
2027 Updated.
Nervous system communicates both ____ and ____ - Answer Electrically and chemically
The ____ system is involved in adaptation to stress - Answer Endocrine
The ___ system responds quickly, and stops response quickly - Answer Nervous
The ____ system responds slower, and effects may continue for weeks - Answer Endocrine
Nervous system response ____ with adaptation to long-term stimuli - Answer Declines
The nervous system adapts - Answer Quickly
Endocrine system response ____ (adapts slowly) to long-tern stimuli - Answer Persists
Nervous system responses effect _____ areas - Answer Targeted/specfic
Endocrine system response effects ___ areas - Answer General/widespread
Chemicals that function as both hormones and neurotransmitters - Answer Norepinephrine,
cholecystokinin, thryotropin-releasing hormone, dopamine, and ADH
Hormones secreted by neurons into the bloodstream - Answer Oxytocin and catecholamines
Neurons that release their secretion into the blood stream - Answer Neuroendocrine cells
_____ and ____ cause glycogen hydrolysis in liver - Answer Norepinephrine and glucagon
Can the endocrine system and nervous system regulate each other? - Answer Yes (neurons
trigger hormone secretion, and hormones stimulate or inhibit neurons)
,Glands that have ducts carry secretion to an epithelial surface or the mucosa of the digestive
tract. Performs extracellular effects (food digestion) - Answer Exocrine glands
Glands with no ducts; contains dense, fenestrated capillary networks which allow easy uptake of
hormones into bloodstream, and performs intracellular effects such as altering target cell
metabolism - Answer Endocrine glands
Bodies four principal mechanisms of communication between cells - Answer Gap junctions,
neurotransmitters, paracrine (local) hormones, and hormones
Pores in cell membrane allow signaling molecules, nutrients, and electrolytes to move from cell
to cell - Answer Gap junctions
Released from neurons to travel across synaptic cleft to second cell - Answer
Neurotransmitters
Secrete into tissue fluids to affect nearby cells - Answer Paracrine hormones
Chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream to other tissues and organs - Answer
Hormones
System of glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones - Answer Endocrine system
Study of the endocrine system and the diagnosis and treatment of its disorders - Answer
Endocrinology
Organs that are traditional sources of hormones - Answer Endocrine organs
Organs that only perform endocrine functions (Ant. pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, etc.) -
Answer Primary
Endocrine organ that perform endocrine and various other functions (heart, kidney, and small
intestine) - Answer Secondary
Endocrine organs that consist of nervous tissue, yet secrete hormone-like chemicals
(neurohormones) (hypothalamus, pineal gland, adrenal medulla) - Answer Neuroendocrine
organs
,Chemical messengers that re transported by the bloodstream and stimulate physiological
responses in cells of another tissue or organ, often a considerable distance away - Answer
Hormones
Two classes of hormones - Answer Amino-acid based, steroid
Class of hormone, typically one-multiple amino acid long, typically hydrophilic - Answer Amino
acid based
Class of hormone, a cholesterol derivative, hydrophobic - Answer Steroid
Whether the hormone is ___ or ___ decides its mechanism of action - Answer Hydrophilic or -
phobic
Mechanism of hydrophilic hormones - Answer Hormone binds to its receptor in the plasma
membrane, receptors activates a peripheral protein, peripheral protein activates an enzyme,
enzyme catalyzes formation of a secondary messenger, and the second messenger initiates a
series of events in the cell that leads to changes in its activity
Mechanisms of Hydrophobic Hormones - Answer Hydrophobic hormone diffuses into the
target cell, binds to an intracellular receptor, hormone/receptor complex binds DNA and
promotes transcription
Effects of hormone actions - Answer Stimulating secretion from an endocrine or exocrine cell
Activating or inhibiting enzymes
Stimulating or inhibiting cellular division
Opening or closing ion channels
Activating or inhibiting DNA transcription
Ways hormone secretion can be activated - Answer Hormonal, humoral, and neural stimuli
Stimuli that causes some endocrine cells to increase or decrease secretion - Answer Hormonal
Stimuli that causes some endocrine cells to respond to the concentration of ions in the blood or
extracellular fluid (pancreas releasing insulin in response to glucose levels in the blood) -
Answer Humoral stimuli
Stimuli that causes some cells to respond to signals from the NS, such as the adrenal medulla -
Answer Neural stimuli
, Regulates primitive functions of the body from water balance and thermoregulation to sex drive
and child birth - Answer Hypothalamus
Two structures of the pituitary gland - Answer Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) and
Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)
Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones travel in ____ system from hypothalamus to
anterior pituitary gland - Answer Hypophyseal portal system
___ hormones are produced by the hypothalamus - Answer 8
Number of hormones of the hypothalamus that stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary -
Answer 6
Number of hormones released by the hypothalamus that are stored and released by the
posterior pituitary - Answer 2
The two hypothalamic hormones that are stored and released by the posterior pituitary -
Answer Oxytocin and antidiuertic hormone
Does the posterior pituitary gland produce or synthesize oxytocin and antidiuertic hormone? -
Answer No
Posterior pituitary hormones are produced in the ___ and are transported via the ____ to
posterior lobe - Answer Hypothalamus, hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
Hormone produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland, that;
increases water retention, thus reducing urine volume and preventing dehydration. Called
vasopressin because it can cause vasoconstriction. Hypersecretion can cause diabetes insipidus -
Answer Antidiuretic hormone
Produced by the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary gland. Released during
sexual arousal and orgasm (stimulates uterine contractions and propulsion of semen).
Stimulates labor contractions during childbirth, and milk flow during lactation. Promoted
emotional bonding between lactating mother and infant - Answer Oxytocin
The flow of hormones from Hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary gland - Answer
Hypothalamic neurons make ADH or Oxytocin, travel through the hypothalamic axons in the
Questions and Accurate Answers 2026-
2027 Updated.
Nervous system communicates both ____ and ____ - Answer Electrically and chemically
The ____ system is involved in adaptation to stress - Answer Endocrine
The ___ system responds quickly, and stops response quickly - Answer Nervous
The ____ system responds slower, and effects may continue for weeks - Answer Endocrine
Nervous system response ____ with adaptation to long-term stimuli - Answer Declines
The nervous system adapts - Answer Quickly
Endocrine system response ____ (adapts slowly) to long-tern stimuli - Answer Persists
Nervous system responses effect _____ areas - Answer Targeted/specfic
Endocrine system response effects ___ areas - Answer General/widespread
Chemicals that function as both hormones and neurotransmitters - Answer Norepinephrine,
cholecystokinin, thryotropin-releasing hormone, dopamine, and ADH
Hormones secreted by neurons into the bloodstream - Answer Oxytocin and catecholamines
Neurons that release their secretion into the blood stream - Answer Neuroendocrine cells
_____ and ____ cause glycogen hydrolysis in liver - Answer Norepinephrine and glucagon
Can the endocrine system and nervous system regulate each other? - Answer Yes (neurons
trigger hormone secretion, and hormones stimulate or inhibit neurons)
,Glands that have ducts carry secretion to an epithelial surface or the mucosa of the digestive
tract. Performs extracellular effects (food digestion) - Answer Exocrine glands
Glands with no ducts; contains dense, fenestrated capillary networks which allow easy uptake of
hormones into bloodstream, and performs intracellular effects such as altering target cell
metabolism - Answer Endocrine glands
Bodies four principal mechanisms of communication between cells - Answer Gap junctions,
neurotransmitters, paracrine (local) hormones, and hormones
Pores in cell membrane allow signaling molecules, nutrients, and electrolytes to move from cell
to cell - Answer Gap junctions
Released from neurons to travel across synaptic cleft to second cell - Answer
Neurotransmitters
Secrete into tissue fluids to affect nearby cells - Answer Paracrine hormones
Chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream to other tissues and organs - Answer
Hormones
System of glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones - Answer Endocrine system
Study of the endocrine system and the diagnosis and treatment of its disorders - Answer
Endocrinology
Organs that are traditional sources of hormones - Answer Endocrine organs
Organs that only perform endocrine functions (Ant. pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, etc.) -
Answer Primary
Endocrine organ that perform endocrine and various other functions (heart, kidney, and small
intestine) - Answer Secondary
Endocrine organs that consist of nervous tissue, yet secrete hormone-like chemicals
(neurohormones) (hypothalamus, pineal gland, adrenal medulla) - Answer Neuroendocrine
organs
,Chemical messengers that re transported by the bloodstream and stimulate physiological
responses in cells of another tissue or organ, often a considerable distance away - Answer
Hormones
Two classes of hormones - Answer Amino-acid based, steroid
Class of hormone, typically one-multiple amino acid long, typically hydrophilic - Answer Amino
acid based
Class of hormone, a cholesterol derivative, hydrophobic - Answer Steroid
Whether the hormone is ___ or ___ decides its mechanism of action - Answer Hydrophilic or -
phobic
Mechanism of hydrophilic hormones - Answer Hormone binds to its receptor in the plasma
membrane, receptors activates a peripheral protein, peripheral protein activates an enzyme,
enzyme catalyzes formation of a secondary messenger, and the second messenger initiates a
series of events in the cell that leads to changes in its activity
Mechanisms of Hydrophobic Hormones - Answer Hydrophobic hormone diffuses into the
target cell, binds to an intracellular receptor, hormone/receptor complex binds DNA and
promotes transcription
Effects of hormone actions - Answer Stimulating secretion from an endocrine or exocrine cell
Activating or inhibiting enzymes
Stimulating or inhibiting cellular division
Opening or closing ion channels
Activating or inhibiting DNA transcription
Ways hormone secretion can be activated - Answer Hormonal, humoral, and neural stimuli
Stimuli that causes some endocrine cells to increase or decrease secretion - Answer Hormonal
Stimuli that causes some endocrine cells to respond to the concentration of ions in the blood or
extracellular fluid (pancreas releasing insulin in response to glucose levels in the blood) -
Answer Humoral stimuli
Stimuli that causes some cells to respond to signals from the NS, such as the adrenal medulla -
Answer Neural stimuli
, Regulates primitive functions of the body from water balance and thermoregulation to sex drive
and child birth - Answer Hypothalamus
Two structures of the pituitary gland - Answer Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) and
Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)
Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones travel in ____ system from hypothalamus to
anterior pituitary gland - Answer Hypophyseal portal system
___ hormones are produced by the hypothalamus - Answer 8
Number of hormones of the hypothalamus that stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary -
Answer 6
Number of hormones released by the hypothalamus that are stored and released by the
posterior pituitary - Answer 2
The two hypothalamic hormones that are stored and released by the posterior pituitary -
Answer Oxytocin and antidiuertic hormone
Does the posterior pituitary gland produce or synthesize oxytocin and antidiuertic hormone? -
Answer No
Posterior pituitary hormones are produced in the ___ and are transported via the ____ to
posterior lobe - Answer Hypothalamus, hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
Hormone produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland, that;
increases water retention, thus reducing urine volume and preventing dehydration. Called
vasopressin because it can cause vasoconstriction. Hypersecretion can cause diabetes insipidus -
Answer Antidiuretic hormone
Produced by the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary gland. Released during
sexual arousal and orgasm (stimulates uterine contractions and propulsion of semen).
Stimulates labor contractions during childbirth, and milk flow during lactation. Promoted
emotional bonding between lactating mother and infant - Answer Oxytocin
The flow of hormones from Hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary gland - Answer
Hypothalamic neurons make ADH or Oxytocin, travel through the hypothalamic axons in the
