NURS 331 EXAM 2 MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
Hemoglobin A1C CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Blood test measures the lifespan of RBCs and if those RBCs had
glucose attached the entire time.
What does Hemoglobin A1C value show? CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Glucose control over time. One bad
day every now and then won't skew results.
Normal Hemoglobin A1C value? CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓<6.5%
Above 6.5% falls into Diabetic category.
Normal Fasting Glucose CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓70-100 mg/dl.
Above 126 mg/dl meets Diabetic criteria.
Tested with FSBS
Oral Glucose Tolerance CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Test that measures blood glucose after giving someone
something sugary. It measures if the body responds to glucose loading and is producing enough insulin
to compensate.
Normal Oral Glucose Tolerance CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓<140 mg/dl
What oral glucose tolerance value qualifies as Diabetic? CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓>200 mg/dl
2 Characteristics of Diabetes: CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓1. Insulin Deficiency
2. Resistance of glucose uptake in tissues
*Most type 2 diabetics have both.
,FSBS CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓(Finger Stick Blood Glucose). Measures the amount of glucose in the blood
Glucagon CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Hormone secreted by Alpha cells in the pancreas.
Communicates to the liver to stimulate glycogenolysis to break down stored glycogen to glucose and
increase blood sugar in times of hypoglycemia.
Insulin CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Released by Beta cells in response to excess blood sugar.
Insulin binds with glucose to allow it to enter into muscle and fat tissue.
What happens to unused insulin-glucose pairs? CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓They travel to the liver and are
converted to glycogen for storage
Glycogen CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Stored glucose in the liver. The result of unused glucose-insulin pairs.
Type 1 Diabetes CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Autoimmune condition that results in the body destroying it's
own Beta cells. Results in an inability to produce insulin.
What percentage of Beta cells need to be destroyed in order to have symptoms in Type 1 Diabetes?
CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓85%, condition. Type 1 Diabetes, therefore, has a long pre-clinical period.
Amylin CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Hormone secreted by Beta cells that suppresses glucagon secretion in the
liver when there is excess glucose in the blood. Type 1 diabetics don't produce this hormone, so the
body secretes glucagon despite high blood sugar. This contributes to hyperglycemia.
Hypoinsulinemia CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Too little insulin (Ex: Type 1 Diabetics)
Hyperglycemia CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓High blood glucose
,Gluconeogenesis (GNG) CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Breakdown of body fat, protein, etc... as a source of
glucose energy when there is not enough glucose being transported into cells for energy. This process
creates ketone bodies and increases blood sugar in diabetics.
Cortisol and Epinephrine CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Hormones are produced in times of stress and signal
the liver to release glucagon for energy in "tough times." In the case of diabetics, there is not insulin
available to utilize this excess glucose and hyperglycemia occurs.
Why is Type 1 Diabetes often diagnosed after times of stress? (Ex: Breakup) CORRECT
ANSWERS✓✓Cortisol and Epinephrine are released and stimulate the liver to release stored glucose for
energy in times of stress. This causes acute hyperglycemia in Type 1 Diabetics that cause them to see a
doctor
Circulated Consumed Carbs (CCC) CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Glucose that comes from the food we
consume in the form of carbohydrates.
Two sources of hyperglycemia in Diabetics CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓1. Circulated Consumed Carbs (CCC)
2. Gluconeogenesis (GNG)
Renal Overload CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Excess blood glucose screws the osmotic balance in cells and
cause them to excrete tons of water into blood stream. Kidney's filter the water and sugar out, causing
polyuria, polydipsia, and glucosuria.
Polydipsia CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Extreme thirst in diabetics caused by exaggerated cellular excretion of
water into blood stream
Polyuria CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Frequent urination caused by excess water in the blood stream
Glucosuria CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Glucose in the urine in diabetics caused by hyperglycemia
Glucose spilling CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Glucosuria
, Ketones CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Metabolic biproduct of fat and protein metabolism (Gluconeogenesis).
Produced when the body can't access blood glucose due to insulin deficiency or intolerance and needs
another source.
Exogenous Insulin CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Medication Insulin from an external source
Diabulemia CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Diabetics intentionally not taking their prescribed exogenous insulin
to lose weight
Do Type 1 Diabetics take oral anti-diabetic medication? CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓No. They use exogenous
insulin for life exclusively.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓(Associated with Type 1 Diabetes) Occurs when the
body cannot produce insulin to mobilize glucose and the body metabolizes protein and fat, producing
ketones. These circulating ketones cause the body pH to decrease (become more acidic).
Why do Type 1 Diabetics initially lose weight? CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓1. Diuretic properties of
hyperglycemia, they lose lots of H20 weight
2. Gluconeogenesis breaks down adipose tissue
Lipogenesis CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Converts glycogen to fat stores in adipose tissue, facilitated by
insulin. This is why most Type 1 Diabetics gain weight after starting insulin therapy.
What percentage of the Type 1 Diabetes population is obese in adulthood? CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓50%,
often caused by metabolic syndrome and can cause type 2 complications (Resistance)
Metabolic Syndrome CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Cluster of symptoms that, when found together, place one
at higher risk for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. .
Criteria for Diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome: CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓1. Increased waist circumference
2. High Triglycerides (>150)
CORRECT ANSWERS
Hemoglobin A1C CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Blood test measures the lifespan of RBCs and if those RBCs had
glucose attached the entire time.
What does Hemoglobin A1C value show? CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Glucose control over time. One bad
day every now and then won't skew results.
Normal Hemoglobin A1C value? CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓<6.5%
Above 6.5% falls into Diabetic category.
Normal Fasting Glucose CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓70-100 mg/dl.
Above 126 mg/dl meets Diabetic criteria.
Tested with FSBS
Oral Glucose Tolerance CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Test that measures blood glucose after giving someone
something sugary. It measures if the body responds to glucose loading and is producing enough insulin
to compensate.
Normal Oral Glucose Tolerance CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓<140 mg/dl
What oral glucose tolerance value qualifies as Diabetic? CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓>200 mg/dl
2 Characteristics of Diabetes: CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓1. Insulin Deficiency
2. Resistance of glucose uptake in tissues
*Most type 2 diabetics have both.
,FSBS CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓(Finger Stick Blood Glucose). Measures the amount of glucose in the blood
Glucagon CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Hormone secreted by Alpha cells in the pancreas.
Communicates to the liver to stimulate glycogenolysis to break down stored glycogen to glucose and
increase blood sugar in times of hypoglycemia.
Insulin CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Released by Beta cells in response to excess blood sugar.
Insulin binds with glucose to allow it to enter into muscle and fat tissue.
What happens to unused insulin-glucose pairs? CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓They travel to the liver and are
converted to glycogen for storage
Glycogen CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Stored glucose in the liver. The result of unused glucose-insulin pairs.
Type 1 Diabetes CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Autoimmune condition that results in the body destroying it's
own Beta cells. Results in an inability to produce insulin.
What percentage of Beta cells need to be destroyed in order to have symptoms in Type 1 Diabetes?
CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓85%, condition. Type 1 Diabetes, therefore, has a long pre-clinical period.
Amylin CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Hormone secreted by Beta cells that suppresses glucagon secretion in the
liver when there is excess glucose in the blood. Type 1 diabetics don't produce this hormone, so the
body secretes glucagon despite high blood sugar. This contributes to hyperglycemia.
Hypoinsulinemia CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Too little insulin (Ex: Type 1 Diabetics)
Hyperglycemia CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓High blood glucose
,Gluconeogenesis (GNG) CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Breakdown of body fat, protein, etc... as a source of
glucose energy when there is not enough glucose being transported into cells for energy. This process
creates ketone bodies and increases blood sugar in diabetics.
Cortisol and Epinephrine CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Hormones are produced in times of stress and signal
the liver to release glucagon for energy in "tough times." In the case of diabetics, there is not insulin
available to utilize this excess glucose and hyperglycemia occurs.
Why is Type 1 Diabetes often diagnosed after times of stress? (Ex: Breakup) CORRECT
ANSWERS✓✓Cortisol and Epinephrine are released and stimulate the liver to release stored glucose for
energy in times of stress. This causes acute hyperglycemia in Type 1 Diabetics that cause them to see a
doctor
Circulated Consumed Carbs (CCC) CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Glucose that comes from the food we
consume in the form of carbohydrates.
Two sources of hyperglycemia in Diabetics CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓1. Circulated Consumed Carbs (CCC)
2. Gluconeogenesis (GNG)
Renal Overload CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Excess blood glucose screws the osmotic balance in cells and
cause them to excrete tons of water into blood stream. Kidney's filter the water and sugar out, causing
polyuria, polydipsia, and glucosuria.
Polydipsia CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Extreme thirst in diabetics caused by exaggerated cellular excretion of
water into blood stream
Polyuria CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Frequent urination caused by excess water in the blood stream
Glucosuria CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Glucose in the urine in diabetics caused by hyperglycemia
Glucose spilling CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Glucosuria
, Ketones CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Metabolic biproduct of fat and protein metabolism (Gluconeogenesis).
Produced when the body can't access blood glucose due to insulin deficiency or intolerance and needs
another source.
Exogenous Insulin CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Medication Insulin from an external source
Diabulemia CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Diabetics intentionally not taking their prescribed exogenous insulin
to lose weight
Do Type 1 Diabetics take oral anti-diabetic medication? CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓No. They use exogenous
insulin for life exclusively.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓(Associated with Type 1 Diabetes) Occurs when the
body cannot produce insulin to mobilize glucose and the body metabolizes protein and fat, producing
ketones. These circulating ketones cause the body pH to decrease (become more acidic).
Why do Type 1 Diabetics initially lose weight? CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓1. Diuretic properties of
hyperglycemia, they lose lots of H20 weight
2. Gluconeogenesis breaks down adipose tissue
Lipogenesis CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Converts glycogen to fat stores in adipose tissue, facilitated by
insulin. This is why most Type 1 Diabetics gain weight after starting insulin therapy.
What percentage of the Type 1 Diabetes population is obese in adulthood? CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓50%,
often caused by metabolic syndrome and can cause type 2 complications (Resistance)
Metabolic Syndrome CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓Cluster of symptoms that, when found together, place one
at higher risk for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. .
Criteria for Diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome: CORRECT ANSWERS✓✓1. Increased waist circumference
2. High Triglycerides (>150)
