poli SCI 1020 April Exam Study Guide: Key Definitions
& Migration Issues
DEFINITIONS
• Honour killings: the practice of murdering a woman to reclaim a family’s honour by
taking out a woman who is accused of socially unacceptable behaviours
o 5000 women die to honor killings each year
• Trafficking in Persons Victims Protection Act: a law that seeks to prevent human
trafficking, protect victims, and prosecute traffickers
• United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHR): the lead agency for
refugee relief
• S.S St Louis: passenger ship that set sail from Hamburg, Germany with 937 German
Jews feeling Hitler
o Nobody claimed the refugees and they died in the Holocaust months later
• 1951 UN Convention on Refugees: cornerstone of national and international laws on
treatment of refugees
o Key principle is nonrefoulement: a refugee must not be returned to a country
where they face a serious threat to their life or freedom
• Internally Displaced Person (IDP): people who have not yet crossed international
borders and are not protection under international law
• Feminicide: targeted killing of women because they are women
• Al Qaeda: A Saudi Arabia based8- terrorist organization, which began to support Muslim
fighters against the Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan, and went on to conduct the
September 11, 2001, attacks against the United States
• Anocracy: Governments which are in transition from autocracy to democracy. This form
of government is not very effective in combating insurgency
• Aum Shinrikyo: Japanese terrorist group
• Bloody Sunday: The British Army’s firing into a crowd of Irish Catholic civil rights
protesters, killing thirteen civilians in Londonderry on January 30, 1972, which led to the
establishment of the provisional Irish Republican Army and increased sympathy for the
IRA’ cause for a time
• De-Bathification policy: The US policy of firing all Iraqi government workers, making no
distinction between those who were guilty of war crimes and those who weren’t. This
was an attempt to minimize influence of former followers of deposed dictator Saddam
Hussein which backfired undermining the Iraqi governments capacity and creating
animosity towards the United States which brough about the creation of AL Qaeda in
Iraq, ISIS, and the insurgency in Iraq and Syria
• FARC: Fuerzas Armadas Revoluncionarias de Colombia (Revolutionary Armed Forces
of Colombia) the largest guerilla group in Colombia’s long civil war
• IED: improvised explosive device or bomb
• Insurgency: movement to overthrow the government, take over some/all territory of a
country, or force a government into sharing power over the disputed country
o Require the support of the population
o Mass movements and aim to grab and hold territory and set up their own
institutions
• International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism:
sponsored by the UN, defines terrorism as ‘an act intended to cause death or serious
bodily injury to any person not actively involved in armed conflict to intimidate a
population, or to compel a government or an international organization to do or abstain
from doing an act’
• IRA: a terrorist group in Northern Ireland
• Millennium Bomber: Benni Antoine Noris or Ahmed Ressam who was apprehended by
law enforcement before he could conduct an attack in December 1999
,• Sinn Fein: the Irish Republican Army affiliated political party, legalized to peacefully
compete in elections and send representatives to parliament in the Good Friday peace
agreement
• USA Patriot Act: a US law passed quickly after 9/11 attack, intended to help US law
enforcement to deter and detect terrorist attacks
• Child laborers: workers who are also children, who often work in hazardous working
conditions, rather than attending school
• Child soldiers: soldiers who are sent to battle as children, forced to commit heinous war
crimes to sever their ties with their home communities
• Chinese Triads, Japanese Yakuza, Italian Camorra, and Italian-American Mafia:
international criminal cartels China, Japan, Italy, and the US
• Conflict Minerals Transparency Law: a US law which required transparency of
company supply chains and reporting the use of conflict minerals – companies must
publicly disclose conflict minerals
• Conflict trap: a pattern of reoccurring violence that occurs in countries with a youth
bulge, flat or declining economy, a natural resource economy, and a history of previous
violence
• Convention on the rights of the child: International treaty to ban the sale of children,
child prostitution and child pornography
• Debt bonded labour: when people are forced to work without pay to pay off a debt or a
supposed debt – can be passed onto children and future generations
• Descent based slavery: slavery which is continued across generations of a family or
class
o Born into slavery
• Early and forced marriage: a form of human trafficking in which over 15 million girls
and women are forced into marriage without their consent, often to earn money for their
families
• Fentanyl: a powerful but deadly synthetic opioid that is 80-100 times stronger than
morphine, which China exports
• Foreign guest workers: non-citizen workers in temporary worker programs
• Ghost laundering: a type of money laundering in which criminals use online sites in the
gig economy and set up a fake account, money is earned with services
• Crypto Currency: currencies not issued or regulated by governments and are not
transparent
• Great Crime Decline: dramatic decreases in the murder rate and other indicators of
violent crime, from the high levels of the 1970s to the early 1990s
• Integration: to be able to use illegally obtained cash openly because it appears to be
legally derived
• Know your customer laws: anti money laundering legislation and policies which apply
to banking, and require banks to authenticate who their customers are and where their
money comes from
• Layering: moving illicit profits around through complex, opaque financial interactions to
deceive people into thinking that illegal cash from a legitimate source, the second step of
money laundering
• Mules: criminal employees who carry bags of currency to make smaller deposits in
different banks and businesses or who travel internationally to deposit the money into lax
banks or businesses that do not comply with the money laundering laws
• Noncooperative countries and territories (NCCT): countries that do not use best
practices to curtail money laundering, but instead have lax laws and practices that attract
money laundering
,• Palermo convention: another name for the convention against transnational organized
crime
• Placement: to hide the illegal origins of criminally obtained profits, the first step in
money laundering
• Shell Companies: businesses or corporations that do not disclose the owners name,
and use complex, opaque financial transactions to disguise or hide the source of cash
and untrue nature of the business
• Structuring or smurfing: making several smaller cash deposits in different banks and
businesses to avoid the $10 000 mandatory reporting threshold of suspicious financial
activities
• Suspicious financial activities: cash financial transactions of over $10 000 a
transaction or that add up to $10 000 in a day
o Banks and businesses must report these transactions to in countries with anti-
money laundering laws
• Transfer pricing, trade misinvoicing and trade-based money laundering: large
complex, difficult to detect and stop type of money laundering in which a fraudulent bill of
sale is created for goods
• Talitha Kum: a global network of religious women committed to stopping human
trafficking, protecting victims, and advocating for better human anti-human laws and
policies
• TIP: trafficking in persons
• TIP’s 3 components: the legal definition of trafficking in persons includes act, means
and purpose
• UN Special representative for children and conflicts: created to bring transparency
and urgency to child soldier and child protection issues
• Unexplained wealth order: a transparency law which requires real estate businesses to
authenticate who their customers are and where their money comes from
• UNICEF: United nations children’s fund
• Worst forms of child labour convention: convention in which countries commit to stop
child slavery
• Beatrice Finn: won a Nobel prize for the work of NGOs in banning nuclear weapons
• Cluster Munitions Coalition: a global civil society network active in over 100 countries,
working to eradicate cluster munitions, prevent further causalities, and end the suffering
caused by these weapons
• International Campaign Against Nuclear Weapons (ICAN): global civil society
network modelled after ICBL which successfully advocated for an international ban on
nuclear weapons
• International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL): a global network of actors in over
100 countries working to ban landmines and help landmine survivors
o Jody Williams: leader of ICBL, won a Nobel peace prize for her efforts
• Laws of war: the national and international military rules that govern behavior of
combatants during conflict
• Mine Ban Treaty: Ottawa convention – treaty banning the use/stockpiling/production of
antipersonnel mines
• Soft law: voluntary frameworks that can be quickly and widely adopted, become industry
standards achieving high levels of compliance (changing norms)
• Hard Law: legal obligations
• Third sector: the growing of non-profit and NGOs, distinct from the public sector of
governmental actors and for-profit corporations
• Transnational Advocacy Networks (TANs): organizations of NGOs across
international borders who work together to raise common issues and values
, • Leverage Politics: using the power, platform, or resources of stronger network
members, such as celebrities, on behalf of weaker network members to move a global
issue forward
• “Atoms for peace” program: created in the 1950s to research the peaceful uses of the
atom for nuclear energy and medicine were shared in return with their pledge to never
develop nuclear weapons (basis of NPT)
• Biological Weapons Convention: international law banning the use, development,
possession and stockpiling of biological weapons, signed in 1972
• Chemical Weapons Convention: international law signed in 1993 which bans the use,
development, possession and stockpiling of chemical weapons
• Cooperative Threat Reduction Program (CTR): a bipartisan program created by
senators Sam Nunn and Richard Lugar in late 1991 as the Soviet Union was collapsing
o Helped Kazakhstan, Ukraine, and Belarus safety dispose over 7000 nuclear
weapons left behind by the Soviet Union
• Horizontal Proliferation: the spread of nuclear to more countries that do not currently
have nuclear weapons
• Counterproliferation: full range of optimal, primarily military preparations and activities
to reduce and protect against the threat posed by WMD weapons and delivery means
• Immediate Nuclear Forces (INF): an arms control treaty made by Ronald Regan which
eliminated a whole category of nuclear weapons
• Mutually Assured Destruction: the key threat in nuclear deterrence theory, prevent
genocide by threating genocide
• Non-Proliferation Treaty: international law in which nuclear states agreed to not
develop nuclear weapons (1968)
• Nuclear Posture Review: a US overview of nuclear weapons policy
• Nuclear Utility Theory (NUT): policy approach that contends that nuclear weapons
ought to be used
• Nuclear Weapons Free Zones (NWFZ): most countries banned nuclear weapons in
their regions through a series of multinational treaties
• City Diplomacy: a policy approach which focuses on cooperation among cities in
addressing global issues. Cities are closer to the issues and more focused on practical
solutions, so can provide helpful capacity in addressing global issues
• Retreating Sovereignty: non-state actors increasingly taking on functions that were
traditionally performed by states, even in security sector
MIGRATION & PROHIBITION
MIGRATION
• Common practice in all human history
o Practices to limit, criminalize and securitize – movement can be a problem to
come
• State policies target supply and not demand
o Policies increase vulnerability of certain groups to move (work, home, public)
o We think closing borders will stop migration from happening
• Security vs policing
o State mechanisms to restrict movement are ineffective
o Policing uses different goals and practices – target specific groups
• Migration is not liberalized (finance, production, trade) – no central regulation
• 4 components:
o Return migration to country of birth
o Out-migration of nationals from home country
& Migration Issues
DEFINITIONS
• Honour killings: the practice of murdering a woman to reclaim a family’s honour by
taking out a woman who is accused of socially unacceptable behaviours
o 5000 women die to honor killings each year
• Trafficking in Persons Victims Protection Act: a law that seeks to prevent human
trafficking, protect victims, and prosecute traffickers
• United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHR): the lead agency for
refugee relief
• S.S St Louis: passenger ship that set sail from Hamburg, Germany with 937 German
Jews feeling Hitler
o Nobody claimed the refugees and they died in the Holocaust months later
• 1951 UN Convention on Refugees: cornerstone of national and international laws on
treatment of refugees
o Key principle is nonrefoulement: a refugee must not be returned to a country
where they face a serious threat to their life or freedom
• Internally Displaced Person (IDP): people who have not yet crossed international
borders and are not protection under international law
• Feminicide: targeted killing of women because they are women
• Al Qaeda: A Saudi Arabia based8- terrorist organization, which began to support Muslim
fighters against the Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan, and went on to conduct the
September 11, 2001, attacks against the United States
• Anocracy: Governments which are in transition from autocracy to democracy. This form
of government is not very effective in combating insurgency
• Aum Shinrikyo: Japanese terrorist group
• Bloody Sunday: The British Army’s firing into a crowd of Irish Catholic civil rights
protesters, killing thirteen civilians in Londonderry on January 30, 1972, which led to the
establishment of the provisional Irish Republican Army and increased sympathy for the
IRA’ cause for a time
• De-Bathification policy: The US policy of firing all Iraqi government workers, making no
distinction between those who were guilty of war crimes and those who weren’t. This
was an attempt to minimize influence of former followers of deposed dictator Saddam
Hussein which backfired undermining the Iraqi governments capacity and creating
animosity towards the United States which brough about the creation of AL Qaeda in
Iraq, ISIS, and the insurgency in Iraq and Syria
• FARC: Fuerzas Armadas Revoluncionarias de Colombia (Revolutionary Armed Forces
of Colombia) the largest guerilla group in Colombia’s long civil war
• IED: improvised explosive device or bomb
• Insurgency: movement to overthrow the government, take over some/all territory of a
country, or force a government into sharing power over the disputed country
o Require the support of the population
o Mass movements and aim to grab and hold territory and set up their own
institutions
• International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism:
sponsored by the UN, defines terrorism as ‘an act intended to cause death or serious
bodily injury to any person not actively involved in armed conflict to intimidate a
population, or to compel a government or an international organization to do or abstain
from doing an act’
• IRA: a terrorist group in Northern Ireland
• Millennium Bomber: Benni Antoine Noris or Ahmed Ressam who was apprehended by
law enforcement before he could conduct an attack in December 1999
,• Sinn Fein: the Irish Republican Army affiliated political party, legalized to peacefully
compete in elections and send representatives to parliament in the Good Friday peace
agreement
• USA Patriot Act: a US law passed quickly after 9/11 attack, intended to help US law
enforcement to deter and detect terrorist attacks
• Child laborers: workers who are also children, who often work in hazardous working
conditions, rather than attending school
• Child soldiers: soldiers who are sent to battle as children, forced to commit heinous war
crimes to sever their ties with their home communities
• Chinese Triads, Japanese Yakuza, Italian Camorra, and Italian-American Mafia:
international criminal cartels China, Japan, Italy, and the US
• Conflict Minerals Transparency Law: a US law which required transparency of
company supply chains and reporting the use of conflict minerals – companies must
publicly disclose conflict minerals
• Conflict trap: a pattern of reoccurring violence that occurs in countries with a youth
bulge, flat or declining economy, a natural resource economy, and a history of previous
violence
• Convention on the rights of the child: International treaty to ban the sale of children,
child prostitution and child pornography
• Debt bonded labour: when people are forced to work without pay to pay off a debt or a
supposed debt – can be passed onto children and future generations
• Descent based slavery: slavery which is continued across generations of a family or
class
o Born into slavery
• Early and forced marriage: a form of human trafficking in which over 15 million girls
and women are forced into marriage without their consent, often to earn money for their
families
• Fentanyl: a powerful but deadly synthetic opioid that is 80-100 times stronger than
morphine, which China exports
• Foreign guest workers: non-citizen workers in temporary worker programs
• Ghost laundering: a type of money laundering in which criminals use online sites in the
gig economy and set up a fake account, money is earned with services
• Crypto Currency: currencies not issued or regulated by governments and are not
transparent
• Great Crime Decline: dramatic decreases in the murder rate and other indicators of
violent crime, from the high levels of the 1970s to the early 1990s
• Integration: to be able to use illegally obtained cash openly because it appears to be
legally derived
• Know your customer laws: anti money laundering legislation and policies which apply
to banking, and require banks to authenticate who their customers are and where their
money comes from
• Layering: moving illicit profits around through complex, opaque financial interactions to
deceive people into thinking that illegal cash from a legitimate source, the second step of
money laundering
• Mules: criminal employees who carry bags of currency to make smaller deposits in
different banks and businesses or who travel internationally to deposit the money into lax
banks or businesses that do not comply with the money laundering laws
• Noncooperative countries and territories (NCCT): countries that do not use best
practices to curtail money laundering, but instead have lax laws and practices that attract
money laundering
,• Palermo convention: another name for the convention against transnational organized
crime
• Placement: to hide the illegal origins of criminally obtained profits, the first step in
money laundering
• Shell Companies: businesses or corporations that do not disclose the owners name,
and use complex, opaque financial transactions to disguise or hide the source of cash
and untrue nature of the business
• Structuring or smurfing: making several smaller cash deposits in different banks and
businesses to avoid the $10 000 mandatory reporting threshold of suspicious financial
activities
• Suspicious financial activities: cash financial transactions of over $10 000 a
transaction or that add up to $10 000 in a day
o Banks and businesses must report these transactions to in countries with anti-
money laundering laws
• Transfer pricing, trade misinvoicing and trade-based money laundering: large
complex, difficult to detect and stop type of money laundering in which a fraudulent bill of
sale is created for goods
• Talitha Kum: a global network of religious women committed to stopping human
trafficking, protecting victims, and advocating for better human anti-human laws and
policies
• TIP: trafficking in persons
• TIP’s 3 components: the legal definition of trafficking in persons includes act, means
and purpose
• UN Special representative for children and conflicts: created to bring transparency
and urgency to child soldier and child protection issues
• Unexplained wealth order: a transparency law which requires real estate businesses to
authenticate who their customers are and where their money comes from
• UNICEF: United nations children’s fund
• Worst forms of child labour convention: convention in which countries commit to stop
child slavery
• Beatrice Finn: won a Nobel prize for the work of NGOs in banning nuclear weapons
• Cluster Munitions Coalition: a global civil society network active in over 100 countries,
working to eradicate cluster munitions, prevent further causalities, and end the suffering
caused by these weapons
• International Campaign Against Nuclear Weapons (ICAN): global civil society
network modelled after ICBL which successfully advocated for an international ban on
nuclear weapons
• International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL): a global network of actors in over
100 countries working to ban landmines and help landmine survivors
o Jody Williams: leader of ICBL, won a Nobel peace prize for her efforts
• Laws of war: the national and international military rules that govern behavior of
combatants during conflict
• Mine Ban Treaty: Ottawa convention – treaty banning the use/stockpiling/production of
antipersonnel mines
• Soft law: voluntary frameworks that can be quickly and widely adopted, become industry
standards achieving high levels of compliance (changing norms)
• Hard Law: legal obligations
• Third sector: the growing of non-profit and NGOs, distinct from the public sector of
governmental actors and for-profit corporations
• Transnational Advocacy Networks (TANs): organizations of NGOs across
international borders who work together to raise common issues and values
, • Leverage Politics: using the power, platform, or resources of stronger network
members, such as celebrities, on behalf of weaker network members to move a global
issue forward
• “Atoms for peace” program: created in the 1950s to research the peaceful uses of the
atom for nuclear energy and medicine were shared in return with their pledge to never
develop nuclear weapons (basis of NPT)
• Biological Weapons Convention: international law banning the use, development,
possession and stockpiling of biological weapons, signed in 1972
• Chemical Weapons Convention: international law signed in 1993 which bans the use,
development, possession and stockpiling of chemical weapons
• Cooperative Threat Reduction Program (CTR): a bipartisan program created by
senators Sam Nunn and Richard Lugar in late 1991 as the Soviet Union was collapsing
o Helped Kazakhstan, Ukraine, and Belarus safety dispose over 7000 nuclear
weapons left behind by the Soviet Union
• Horizontal Proliferation: the spread of nuclear to more countries that do not currently
have nuclear weapons
• Counterproliferation: full range of optimal, primarily military preparations and activities
to reduce and protect against the threat posed by WMD weapons and delivery means
• Immediate Nuclear Forces (INF): an arms control treaty made by Ronald Regan which
eliminated a whole category of nuclear weapons
• Mutually Assured Destruction: the key threat in nuclear deterrence theory, prevent
genocide by threating genocide
• Non-Proliferation Treaty: international law in which nuclear states agreed to not
develop nuclear weapons (1968)
• Nuclear Posture Review: a US overview of nuclear weapons policy
• Nuclear Utility Theory (NUT): policy approach that contends that nuclear weapons
ought to be used
• Nuclear Weapons Free Zones (NWFZ): most countries banned nuclear weapons in
their regions through a series of multinational treaties
• City Diplomacy: a policy approach which focuses on cooperation among cities in
addressing global issues. Cities are closer to the issues and more focused on practical
solutions, so can provide helpful capacity in addressing global issues
• Retreating Sovereignty: non-state actors increasingly taking on functions that were
traditionally performed by states, even in security sector
MIGRATION & PROHIBITION
MIGRATION
• Common practice in all human history
o Practices to limit, criminalize and securitize – movement can be a problem to
come
• State policies target supply and not demand
o Policies increase vulnerability of certain groups to move (work, home, public)
o We think closing borders will stop migration from happening
• Security vs policing
o State mechanisms to restrict movement are ineffective
o Policing uses different goals and practices – target specific groups
• Migration is not liberalized (finance, production, trade) – no central regulation
• 4 components:
o Return migration to country of birth
o Out-migration of nationals from home country
