NCM 119 EXAM 2 COMPREHENSIVE STUDY
GUIDE 2026
◉ Bacteria.
Answer: - Most significant and most commonly observe infection-
causing agent in health care institutions
- Categorized by shape
Cocci (spherical)
Bacilli (rod-shaped)
Spirochetes (corkscrew)
- Gram positive, have thick walls that resist the loss of color. Will
stain violet
- Gram negative, complex cell walls that can be decolorized by
alcohol. Will not stain
- Antibiotics are classified as specifically effective against only gram-
positive organisms or as
broad spectrum and effective against several groups of
microorganisms
- Require oxygen: aerobic
◉ Bacteria shapes.
,Answer: Cocci (spherical)
Bacilli (rod-shaped)
Spirochetes (corkscrew)
◉ Gram-positive bacteria.
Answer: have thick walls that resist the loss of color.
Will stain violet
◉ Gram-negative bacteria.
Answer: complex cell walls that can be decolorized by alcohol.
Will not stain
◉ Antibiotics.
Answer: compounds that block the growth and reproduction of
bacteria
are classified as specifically effective against only gram-positive
organisms
◉ broad spectrum antibiotics.
,Answer: effective against several groups of microorganisms
◉ Aerobic bacteria.
Answer: Bacteria that require oxygen for survival
◉ Anaerobic bacteria.
Answer: bacteria that do not require oxygen to survive
◉ Viruses.
Answer: - Smallest of all microorganisms, only visible with electron
microscope
- Causes infections like; common cold, hepatitis B and C, and AIDS
- Antibiotics have no effect
◉ Antivirals.
Answer: are effective and when given during the prodromal stage of
certain viruses they can shorten the full stage of illness (ex: Tamiflu)
◉ Fungi.
Answer: - Plant-like organisms (molds and yeast)
, - Present in air, soil, and water
- Ex: Athlete's foot , ringworm, and yeast infections
- Treated with antifungal medications, however many are resistant
to treatment
◉ Parasites.
Answer: - Can live on or in a host and rely on it for nourishment
- Ex: Malaria from a disease infecting a certain type of mosquito that
then feeds on humans
◉ Organisms Potential to Produce Disease.
Answer: Number of organisms (the more the better)
Virulence (ability to produce disease)
Competence of person's immune system
GUIDE 2026
◉ Bacteria.
Answer: - Most significant and most commonly observe infection-
causing agent in health care institutions
- Categorized by shape
Cocci (spherical)
Bacilli (rod-shaped)
Spirochetes (corkscrew)
- Gram positive, have thick walls that resist the loss of color. Will
stain violet
- Gram negative, complex cell walls that can be decolorized by
alcohol. Will not stain
- Antibiotics are classified as specifically effective against only gram-
positive organisms or as
broad spectrum and effective against several groups of
microorganisms
- Require oxygen: aerobic
◉ Bacteria shapes.
,Answer: Cocci (spherical)
Bacilli (rod-shaped)
Spirochetes (corkscrew)
◉ Gram-positive bacteria.
Answer: have thick walls that resist the loss of color.
Will stain violet
◉ Gram-negative bacteria.
Answer: complex cell walls that can be decolorized by alcohol.
Will not stain
◉ Antibiotics.
Answer: compounds that block the growth and reproduction of
bacteria
are classified as specifically effective against only gram-positive
organisms
◉ broad spectrum antibiotics.
,Answer: effective against several groups of microorganisms
◉ Aerobic bacteria.
Answer: Bacteria that require oxygen for survival
◉ Anaerobic bacteria.
Answer: bacteria that do not require oxygen to survive
◉ Viruses.
Answer: - Smallest of all microorganisms, only visible with electron
microscope
- Causes infections like; common cold, hepatitis B and C, and AIDS
- Antibiotics have no effect
◉ Antivirals.
Answer: are effective and when given during the prodromal stage of
certain viruses they can shorten the full stage of illness (ex: Tamiflu)
◉ Fungi.
Answer: - Plant-like organisms (molds and yeast)
, - Present in air, soil, and water
- Ex: Athlete's foot , ringworm, and yeast infections
- Treated with antifungal medications, however many are resistant
to treatment
◉ Parasites.
Answer: - Can live on or in a host and rely on it for nourishment
- Ex: Malaria from a disease infecting a certain type of mosquito that
then feeds on humans
◉ Organisms Potential to Produce Disease.
Answer: Number of organisms (the more the better)
Virulence (ability to produce disease)
Competence of person's immune system
