MICROBIOLOGY 2215 CSCC CERTIFICATION
EVALUATION VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS FULL REVIEW PACK
●● What is adaptive immunity?
Answer: - the immune system you develop as you age
- HAS specificity
- HAS memory
●● What is hematopoiesis and where does it occur?
Answer: blood cell formation; occurs in red bone marrow
●● What do granulocytes do?
Answer: group of leukocytes that contain cytoplasmic granules filled
with digestive enzymes that kill microbes
●● What are the three types of granulocytes?
Answer: 1. Neutrophils: most abundant and important in innate
immunity.
2. Eosinophils: important in expelling parasitic worms.
3. Basophils: involved in allergic reactions.
,●● Explain the 4 lines of defense.
Answer: 1). Skin: most visible layer, composed of 2 layers; the dermis
and epidermis.
2). Mucus Membranes: constantly bathed in mucus to help wash
surfaces, some have mechanisms to propel microorganisms & viruses to
places where they can be destroyed.
3). Antimicrobial Substances: found in tears, saliva, blood, body tissues,
phagocytes, and on mucus membranes. Lysosomes: enzymes that
degrade PTG. Peroxidase: breaks down hydrogen peroxide to produce
reactive oxygen. Lactoferrin: binds to iron to withhold it from microbes.
Defensins: antimicrobial peptides that are inserted into microbial
membranes.
4). Normal Microbiota: not technically part of the immune system, the
microorganisms found living on healthy individuals, covers binding
sites, competes for nutrients.
●● Which physical barrier is the hardest to penetrate?
Answer: skin
●● What are cytokines?
Answer: proteins that function as chemical messengers, allowing cells
involved in host defenses to communicate
, ●● What are surface receptors?
Answer: proteins that are "eyes & ears" of the cell; membrane proteins
to which signal molecules bind to. very specific
●● How are cytokines & surface receptors involved in cell signaling?
Answer: cytokines are the chemical messengers that transmit signals to
the cell interior and induces changes in cellular activities
surface receptors use cytokines as ligands, and when the ligands binds,
the receptor becomes modified and sends a signal to the cell
●● What are sensor systems and why are they important?
Answer: sensor systems are systems within blood that detect signs of
tissue damage or microbial invasion
important for responding to pathogen-associated molecular patterns
(PAMPs), directly destroy the invading microbe and recruit other host
defenses
●● What do toll-like receptors do?
Answer: allow cells to "see" molecules signifying the presence of
microbes OUTSIDE of the cell
EVALUATION VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS FULL REVIEW PACK
●● What is adaptive immunity?
Answer: - the immune system you develop as you age
- HAS specificity
- HAS memory
●● What is hematopoiesis and where does it occur?
Answer: blood cell formation; occurs in red bone marrow
●● What do granulocytes do?
Answer: group of leukocytes that contain cytoplasmic granules filled
with digestive enzymes that kill microbes
●● What are the three types of granulocytes?
Answer: 1. Neutrophils: most abundant and important in innate
immunity.
2. Eosinophils: important in expelling parasitic worms.
3. Basophils: involved in allergic reactions.
,●● Explain the 4 lines of defense.
Answer: 1). Skin: most visible layer, composed of 2 layers; the dermis
and epidermis.
2). Mucus Membranes: constantly bathed in mucus to help wash
surfaces, some have mechanisms to propel microorganisms & viruses to
places where they can be destroyed.
3). Antimicrobial Substances: found in tears, saliva, blood, body tissues,
phagocytes, and on mucus membranes. Lysosomes: enzymes that
degrade PTG. Peroxidase: breaks down hydrogen peroxide to produce
reactive oxygen. Lactoferrin: binds to iron to withhold it from microbes.
Defensins: antimicrobial peptides that are inserted into microbial
membranes.
4). Normal Microbiota: not technically part of the immune system, the
microorganisms found living on healthy individuals, covers binding
sites, competes for nutrients.
●● Which physical barrier is the hardest to penetrate?
Answer: skin
●● What are cytokines?
Answer: proteins that function as chemical messengers, allowing cells
involved in host defenses to communicate
, ●● What are surface receptors?
Answer: proteins that are "eyes & ears" of the cell; membrane proteins
to which signal molecules bind to. very specific
●● How are cytokines & surface receptors involved in cell signaling?
Answer: cytokines are the chemical messengers that transmit signals to
the cell interior and induces changes in cellular activities
surface receptors use cytokines as ligands, and when the ligands binds,
the receptor becomes modified and sends a signal to the cell
●● What are sensor systems and why are they important?
Answer: sensor systems are systems within blood that detect signs of
tissue damage or microbial invasion
important for responding to pathogen-associated molecular patterns
(PAMPs), directly destroy the invading microbe and recruit other host
defenses
●● What do toll-like receptors do?
Answer: allow cells to "see" molecules signifying the presence of
microbes OUTSIDE of the cell
