PHGY 216 MIDTERM EXAM ACTUAL EXAM 2026 | PRINCIPLES
OF MAMMALIAN PHYSIOLOGY II | EXAM (LATEST) || MOST
RECENT EXAM 2026|2027 ACTUAL COMPLETE REAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
ALREADY GRADED A+ | GUARANTEED SUCCESS!! NEWEST
EXAM | JUST RELEASED!!| QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY
Outline the process of spermatogenesis -ANSWERS-Spermatogenesis:
process in which diploid primordial germ cells are converted into motile
sperm cells with a haploid set of chromosomes
Mitotic proliferation
- Primordial germ cell = spermatogonia
- Sperm-forming daughter cell will undergo mitotic divisions twice to
produce 4 identical primary spermatocytes
Meiosis
- One primary spermatocyte = 2 secondary spermatocytes
- In meiosis II, each secondary spermatocyte results in 2 spermatids
- One spermatogonia = 16 spermatids
o Packaging
- Spermatids -> spermatozoa
- Cells are stripped down of all non-essentials (i.e. cytosol and most
organelles)
,What are the components of spermatoza? -ANSWERS-o Head - consists
of the nucleus
o Acrosome - enzyme-packed vesicle @ the tip of the head that is
needed to penetrate the ovum
o Midpiece - packed full of mitochondria to provide energy for
locomotion
o Tail (flagellum) - movement of this provides propulsion (requires lots
of ATP)
Differentiate between the physiological roles of Sertoli and Leydig cells
-ANSWERS-Sertoli cells
o One layer of cells = walls of seminiferous tubules
o Connected by tight junctions, sperm cells pass b/w to go to lumen
o Developing sperm cells are engulfed in Sertoli cells where sperm
heads remain till matured
o Leydig cells - produces and secretes testosterone
Describe the components and functions of the male reproductive tract.
(Epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland,
bulbourethral glands) -ANSWERS-Epididymis and ductus deferens
§ Epididymis - tightly coiled tube, sperm are not motile here b/c of low
pH
,§ Ductus deferens - epididymis ducts forms ductus deferens which
empties into the urethra
Male accessory sex glands
§ Seminal vesicles - provides bulk of semen, supplies fructose as E
source, secretes prostaglandins for muscle contractions and secretes
fibrinogen
§ Prostate gland - secretes alkaline fluid to neutralize acidic
environment and secretes clotting enzymes which act on the fibrinogen
§ Bulbourethral glands - secretes clear substance during sexual arousal
and helps lubricates
Describe the process of gametogenesis in females -ANSWERS-o
Primordial germ cells in ovaries undergo mitotic division during fetal life
o Oogonia divides and give rise to millions of primary oocytes and by
birth only 2 million primordial follicles remain
o Once follicles begin development, the entire structure is called a
primary follicle
§ Results in either release of an ova or undergoes atresia and decay
§ Prior to puberty, all primary follicles that develop undergo atresia
o Primary oocyte undergoes meiotic division to produce 2 daughter
cells -> each w. 23 pairs of chromosomes
o Majority of the cytoplasm goes to one of these daughter cells
(secondary oocyte)
§ Other daughter cell forms the first polar body (will degenerate)
, o Secondary oocyte is released during ovulation
o If it is fertilized by a sperm, it will undergo the 2nd meiotic division in
which 23 ss chromosomes form the 2nd polar body
Describe the uterine cycle. How long does it last? -ANSWERS-o Lasts
around 28 days
o The uterus prepares for possible implantation of a fertilized ovum
3 phases:
1. menstrual phase
2. proliferation phase
3. secretory phase
Describe the ovarian cycle. -ANSWERS-Follicular phase - prepares a
mature egg
1. Begins with proliferation of granulosa cells in a primary follicle
2. Granulosa cells secrete glycoproteins that form a thick extracellular
matrix that surrounds the oocyte and separates it from the granulosa
cells (membrane = zona pellucida), ovarian connective tissue cells
surround granulosa cells with a layer of thecal cells -> occurs b/c of the
influence of FSH and estrogen
3. Follicle becomes a secondary follicle, now is capable of secreting
estrogens (ex: estradiol)
4. A fluid filled cavity (antrum) is formed within the granulosa cells,
expansion of the antrum increases the size of the follicle as it matures
OF MAMMALIAN PHYSIOLOGY II | EXAM (LATEST) || MOST
RECENT EXAM 2026|2027 ACTUAL COMPLETE REAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
ALREADY GRADED A+ | GUARANTEED SUCCESS!! NEWEST
EXAM | JUST RELEASED!!| QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY
Outline the process of spermatogenesis -ANSWERS-Spermatogenesis:
process in which diploid primordial germ cells are converted into motile
sperm cells with a haploid set of chromosomes
Mitotic proliferation
- Primordial germ cell = spermatogonia
- Sperm-forming daughter cell will undergo mitotic divisions twice to
produce 4 identical primary spermatocytes
Meiosis
- One primary spermatocyte = 2 secondary spermatocytes
- In meiosis II, each secondary spermatocyte results in 2 spermatids
- One spermatogonia = 16 spermatids
o Packaging
- Spermatids -> spermatozoa
- Cells are stripped down of all non-essentials (i.e. cytosol and most
organelles)
,What are the components of spermatoza? -ANSWERS-o Head - consists
of the nucleus
o Acrosome - enzyme-packed vesicle @ the tip of the head that is
needed to penetrate the ovum
o Midpiece - packed full of mitochondria to provide energy for
locomotion
o Tail (flagellum) - movement of this provides propulsion (requires lots
of ATP)
Differentiate between the physiological roles of Sertoli and Leydig cells
-ANSWERS-Sertoli cells
o One layer of cells = walls of seminiferous tubules
o Connected by tight junctions, sperm cells pass b/w to go to lumen
o Developing sperm cells are engulfed in Sertoli cells where sperm
heads remain till matured
o Leydig cells - produces and secretes testosterone
Describe the components and functions of the male reproductive tract.
(Epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland,
bulbourethral glands) -ANSWERS-Epididymis and ductus deferens
§ Epididymis - tightly coiled tube, sperm are not motile here b/c of low
pH
,§ Ductus deferens - epididymis ducts forms ductus deferens which
empties into the urethra
Male accessory sex glands
§ Seminal vesicles - provides bulk of semen, supplies fructose as E
source, secretes prostaglandins for muscle contractions and secretes
fibrinogen
§ Prostate gland - secretes alkaline fluid to neutralize acidic
environment and secretes clotting enzymes which act on the fibrinogen
§ Bulbourethral glands - secretes clear substance during sexual arousal
and helps lubricates
Describe the process of gametogenesis in females -ANSWERS-o
Primordial germ cells in ovaries undergo mitotic division during fetal life
o Oogonia divides and give rise to millions of primary oocytes and by
birth only 2 million primordial follicles remain
o Once follicles begin development, the entire structure is called a
primary follicle
§ Results in either release of an ova or undergoes atresia and decay
§ Prior to puberty, all primary follicles that develop undergo atresia
o Primary oocyte undergoes meiotic division to produce 2 daughter
cells -> each w. 23 pairs of chromosomes
o Majority of the cytoplasm goes to one of these daughter cells
(secondary oocyte)
§ Other daughter cell forms the first polar body (will degenerate)
, o Secondary oocyte is released during ovulation
o If it is fertilized by a sperm, it will undergo the 2nd meiotic division in
which 23 ss chromosomes form the 2nd polar body
Describe the uterine cycle. How long does it last? -ANSWERS-o Lasts
around 28 days
o The uterus prepares for possible implantation of a fertilized ovum
3 phases:
1. menstrual phase
2. proliferation phase
3. secretory phase
Describe the ovarian cycle. -ANSWERS-Follicular phase - prepares a
mature egg
1. Begins with proliferation of granulosa cells in a primary follicle
2. Granulosa cells secrete glycoproteins that form a thick extracellular
matrix that surrounds the oocyte and separates it from the granulosa
cells (membrane = zona pellucida), ovarian connective tissue cells
surround granulosa cells with a layer of thecal cells -> occurs b/c of the
influence of FSH and estrogen
3. Follicle becomes a secondary follicle, now is capable of secreting
estrogens (ex: estradiol)
4. A fluid filled cavity (antrum) is formed within the granulosa cells,
expansion of the antrum increases the size of the follicle as it matures
