Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1ST
EDTION WITH FULL ANSWERS
Cellular Physiology - Prokaryotes - Correct Answer: • Prokaryotes [only cells for 3 billion years]
• single cell organism
• Cyanobacteria [blue-green algae]
• Bacteria
• Rickettsia
• [Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever]
• Bound by cellular membrane that carries out all activities
• Single circular chromosome for genetic information
Eukaryotes - Correct Answer: eu = good karyo = nucleus [large)
-complex intracellular anatomy
-organelles = membrane bound compartments of specialized function within the cell
- histones - bind with DNA
- chromosomes
- cell plasma membrane/cytoplasm carries organelles
Eukaryotes - Correct Answer: Found in :
- Higher organisms/plants {people}
- Fungi
- Protozoa
- Most algae
Cellular Communication - Correct Answer: Chemical messenger systems :
1. move from cell to cell through channels in the membrane
2. move into extracellular fluid
,3. bind to receptors on or near cell surface {first messenger)
Cellular Communication - Correct Answer: There are external signals converted to internal signals
carried by second messenger = Epigenetics: The cells do not interact just among themselves, they
interact within the environment - cell adaptation, evolution
4. second messenger triggers change
Plasma Membranes Magic mem-BRAIN - Correct Answer: 1. Structure
2. Protection
3. Activation
4. Transport
5. Cell to Cell interaction
Plasma Membranes Magic mem-BRAIN - Correct Answer: -Membrane "interacts intelligently" with
environment to produce behavior of other cellular components making it....
-The true brain of the cell = not the nucleus
*nucleus is just the microprocessor making copies of itself
Integral Membrane Proteins - IMPs - Correct Answer: A. Imbedded into the membrane-cell's "sense
organs" -Based inside the cell membrane.
Integral Membrane Proteins - Correct Answer: Phospholipids - contain polar and non-polar molecules)
1) Polar-able to "attract and interact" through chemical bonds
2) Non-Polar-have no polarity-unable to form chemical bonds but seek out non-polar environments -
lipid soluble)
Two Types Integral Membrane Poteins - Correct Answer: 1) *Receptor proteins*-"awareness proteins"
some protrude and some extend inward toward the interior cell-both monitor environments
a. Unique receptor for all environmental signals
b. Can "read" physical and vibrational energy fields such as light and radio frequencies
,*Effector proteins* = *action* - Correct Answer: *Effector proteins* = *action*
Three types:
Channel, Cytoskeletal, Enzymes
Effector Proteins - *Channel Receptors* - Correct Answer: 1) *Channel Receptors*-Respond to receptor
"stimuli"-transport proteins like channels from one side of membrane to another
A. Inactive and Active state
Effector Proteins - *Channel Receptors* Sodium - potassium ATPase - Correct Answer: EXP: sodium-
potassium ATPase = thousands in every membrane which use 1/2 of body's energy every day[shuttles 3
positive-charged Na atoms out of the cytoplasm admits 2 positive-charged K atoms into the cytoplasm]
Effector Proteins - *Channel Receptors*
Thus the cell is a *"self-charging battery* whose energy is used to empower biological processes
through whole body. - Correct Answer: Each revolution throws off more positive charges out of cell than
it lets in, therefore leaving the cell negatively charged with outside cell positively charged creating a
"membrane potential"
Effector Proteins continued - Correct Answer: 2) *Cytoskeletal* effector proteins regulate the shape and
motility of cells
3) *Enzymes* -break down or synthesizes molecules
- Action proteins conducting business of cell membrane and cell membrane function.
.
Nucleus -Transcription of genetic information by *RNA* = messenger to organells and directs cellular
activities-foremen to accomplish healthy living organism. - Correct Answer: -double membrane-nuclear
envelope
-Histones bind with DNA and cause it to fold into -chromosomes - prevent breakage)
-stores genetic information - blueprints)
-repair and replication of DNA
, Organelles - Correct Answer: A. Surrounded by individual biologic membranes allowing for different
biochemical environments - small city
1. synthesize proteins & hormones
2. transport proteins
3. isolation/elimination of waste
4. metabolic processes
5. Breakdown antigens
6. Maintain cellular structure & motility
Types of Organelles - Correct Answer: B. *Endoplasmic Reticulum*
-membrane factory that synthesizes/transports protein & lipid components of organelles - membrane
fatty for transprt
C. *Golgi Complex*
- director of macromolecular traffic
Types of Organelles - Ribosomes - Correct Answer: A. *Ribosomes*
-site for cellular protein synthesis
-Cellular respiration =Krebs cycle - responsible for oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP
Krebb's or Citric Acid Cycle - Correct Answer: 36 mols ATP produced.
-Oxidative phosphorylation is product of Kreb's cycle and glycolysis.
- ATP is much greater product in citric acid cycle compared to glycolysis.
Glycolysis - Correct Answer: Net 2 mols ATP per glucose - pyruvate cycle
Types of Organelles continue - Lysosomes - Correct Answer: A. Lysosomes contain digestive hydrolases
-lack of lysosomal alpha-q, 4-glucosidase yields accumulation of glycogen in lysosomes or Pompe
Disease
1. Tay-Sacks- accumulation of GM2 ganglioside
EDTION WITH FULL ANSWERS
Cellular Physiology - Prokaryotes - Correct Answer: • Prokaryotes [only cells for 3 billion years]
• single cell organism
• Cyanobacteria [blue-green algae]
• Bacteria
• Rickettsia
• [Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever]
• Bound by cellular membrane that carries out all activities
• Single circular chromosome for genetic information
Eukaryotes - Correct Answer: eu = good karyo = nucleus [large)
-complex intracellular anatomy
-organelles = membrane bound compartments of specialized function within the cell
- histones - bind with DNA
- chromosomes
- cell plasma membrane/cytoplasm carries organelles
Eukaryotes - Correct Answer: Found in :
- Higher organisms/plants {people}
- Fungi
- Protozoa
- Most algae
Cellular Communication - Correct Answer: Chemical messenger systems :
1. move from cell to cell through channels in the membrane
2. move into extracellular fluid
,3. bind to receptors on or near cell surface {first messenger)
Cellular Communication - Correct Answer: There are external signals converted to internal signals
carried by second messenger = Epigenetics: The cells do not interact just among themselves, they
interact within the environment - cell adaptation, evolution
4. second messenger triggers change
Plasma Membranes Magic mem-BRAIN - Correct Answer: 1. Structure
2. Protection
3. Activation
4. Transport
5. Cell to Cell interaction
Plasma Membranes Magic mem-BRAIN - Correct Answer: -Membrane "interacts intelligently" with
environment to produce behavior of other cellular components making it....
-The true brain of the cell = not the nucleus
*nucleus is just the microprocessor making copies of itself
Integral Membrane Proteins - IMPs - Correct Answer: A. Imbedded into the membrane-cell's "sense
organs" -Based inside the cell membrane.
Integral Membrane Proteins - Correct Answer: Phospholipids - contain polar and non-polar molecules)
1) Polar-able to "attract and interact" through chemical bonds
2) Non-Polar-have no polarity-unable to form chemical bonds but seek out non-polar environments -
lipid soluble)
Two Types Integral Membrane Poteins - Correct Answer: 1) *Receptor proteins*-"awareness proteins"
some protrude and some extend inward toward the interior cell-both monitor environments
a. Unique receptor for all environmental signals
b. Can "read" physical and vibrational energy fields such as light and radio frequencies
,*Effector proteins* = *action* - Correct Answer: *Effector proteins* = *action*
Three types:
Channel, Cytoskeletal, Enzymes
Effector Proteins - *Channel Receptors* - Correct Answer: 1) *Channel Receptors*-Respond to receptor
"stimuli"-transport proteins like channels from one side of membrane to another
A. Inactive and Active state
Effector Proteins - *Channel Receptors* Sodium - potassium ATPase - Correct Answer: EXP: sodium-
potassium ATPase = thousands in every membrane which use 1/2 of body's energy every day[shuttles 3
positive-charged Na atoms out of the cytoplasm admits 2 positive-charged K atoms into the cytoplasm]
Effector Proteins - *Channel Receptors*
Thus the cell is a *"self-charging battery* whose energy is used to empower biological processes
through whole body. - Correct Answer: Each revolution throws off more positive charges out of cell than
it lets in, therefore leaving the cell negatively charged with outside cell positively charged creating a
"membrane potential"
Effector Proteins continued - Correct Answer: 2) *Cytoskeletal* effector proteins regulate the shape and
motility of cells
3) *Enzymes* -break down or synthesizes molecules
- Action proteins conducting business of cell membrane and cell membrane function.
.
Nucleus -Transcription of genetic information by *RNA* = messenger to organells and directs cellular
activities-foremen to accomplish healthy living organism. - Correct Answer: -double membrane-nuclear
envelope
-Histones bind with DNA and cause it to fold into -chromosomes - prevent breakage)
-stores genetic information - blueprints)
-repair and replication of DNA
, Organelles - Correct Answer: A. Surrounded by individual biologic membranes allowing for different
biochemical environments - small city
1. synthesize proteins & hormones
2. transport proteins
3. isolation/elimination of waste
4. metabolic processes
5. Breakdown antigens
6. Maintain cellular structure & motility
Types of Organelles - Correct Answer: B. *Endoplasmic Reticulum*
-membrane factory that synthesizes/transports protein & lipid components of organelles - membrane
fatty for transprt
C. *Golgi Complex*
- director of macromolecular traffic
Types of Organelles - Ribosomes - Correct Answer: A. *Ribosomes*
-site for cellular protein synthesis
-Cellular respiration =Krebs cycle - responsible for oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP
Krebb's or Citric Acid Cycle - Correct Answer: 36 mols ATP produced.
-Oxidative phosphorylation is product of Kreb's cycle and glycolysis.
- ATP is much greater product in citric acid cycle compared to glycolysis.
Glycolysis - Correct Answer: Net 2 mols ATP per glucose - pyruvate cycle
Types of Organelles continue - Lysosomes - Correct Answer: A. Lysosomes contain digestive hydrolases
-lack of lysosomal alpha-q, 4-glucosidase yields accumulation of glycogen in lysosomes or Pompe
Disease
1. Tay-Sacks- accumulation of GM2 ganglioside
