D236 Patho OA Exam with Question and Answer 100% Correct
How does the RAAS (Renin- A drop in blood pressure is sensed by the kidneys by
Angiotensin-Aldosterone System) low perfusion, which in turn begins to secrete renin.
result in increased blood volume and Renin then triggers the liver to produce
increased blood pressure? angiotensinogen, which is converted to Angiotensin I
in the lungs and then angiotensin II by the enzyme
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II
stimulates peripheral arterial vasoconstriction which
raises BP. Angiotensin II is also stimulating the adrenal
gland to release aldosterone, which acts to increase
sodium and water reabsorption increasing blood
volume, while also increased potassium secretion in
urine.
How can hyperkalemia lead to Normal levels of potassium are between 3.5 and 5.2
cardiac arrest? mEq/dL. Hyperkalemia refers to potassium levels
higher that 5.2 mEq/dL. A major function of potassium
is to conduct nerve impulses in muscles. Too low and
muscle weakness occurs and too much can cause
muscle spasms. This is especially dangerous in the
heart muscle and an irregular heartbeat can cause a
heart attack
The body uses the Protein Buffering Proteins contain many acidic and basic group that can
System, Phosphate Buffering System, be affected by pH changes. Any increase or decrease
and Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate in blood pH can alter the structure of the protein
System to regulate and maintain (denature), thereby affecting its function as well
homeostatic pH, what is the
consequence of a pH imbalance?
D236 Patho OA Exam with Question and Answer 100% Correct
, D236 Patho OA Exam with Question and Answer 100% Correct
Describe the laboratory findings Respiratory Acidosis:
associated with metabolic acidosis, Ph <7.35, CO2 >45, HCO3 >26
metabolic alkalosis, respiratory Respiratory Alkalosis:
acidosis and respiratory alkalosis. (ie Ph >7.35, CO2 <35, HCO3 <22
relative pH and CO2 levels). Metabolic Acidosis:
Ph <7.35, HCO3 <22, CO2 <35
Respiratory Acidosis:
Ph >7.35, HCO3 >26, CO2 >45
Normal ABGs (Arterial Blood Gases) Blood pH: 7.35-
7.45 PCO2: 35-45 mm Hg PO2: 90-100 mm Hg HCO3-:
22-26 mEq/L SaO2: 95-100% Respiratory acidosis and
alkalosis are marked by changes in PCO2. Higher =
acidosis and lower = alkalosis Metabolic acidosis and
alkalosis are caused by something other than
abnormal CO2 levels. This could include toxicity,
diabetes, renal failure or excessive GI losses. Here are
the rules to follow to determine if is respiratory or
metabolic in nature. -If pH and PCO2 are moving in
opposite directions, then it is the pCO2 levels that are
causing the imbalance and it is respiratory in nature. -
If PCO2 is normal or is moving tin the same direction
as the pH, then the imbalance is metabolic in nature.
The anion gap is the difference AG range: 8-16
between measured cations (Na+ and The anion gap is the calculation of unmeasured anions
K+) and measured anions (Cl- and in the blood. Lactic acid and ketones both lead to the
HCO3-), this calculation can be useful production of unmeasured anions, which remove
in determining the cause of metabolic HCO3- (a measured anion) due to buffering of the
acidosis. Why would an increased excess H+ and therefore leads to an increase in the
anion gap be observed in diabetic AG
ketoacidosis or lactic acidosis?
D236 Patho OA Exam with Question and Answer 100% Correct
How does the RAAS (Renin- A drop in blood pressure is sensed by the kidneys by
Angiotensin-Aldosterone System) low perfusion, which in turn begins to secrete renin.
result in increased blood volume and Renin then triggers the liver to produce
increased blood pressure? angiotensinogen, which is converted to Angiotensin I
in the lungs and then angiotensin II by the enzyme
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II
stimulates peripheral arterial vasoconstriction which
raises BP. Angiotensin II is also stimulating the adrenal
gland to release aldosterone, which acts to increase
sodium and water reabsorption increasing blood
volume, while also increased potassium secretion in
urine.
How can hyperkalemia lead to Normal levels of potassium are between 3.5 and 5.2
cardiac arrest? mEq/dL. Hyperkalemia refers to potassium levels
higher that 5.2 mEq/dL. A major function of potassium
is to conduct nerve impulses in muscles. Too low and
muscle weakness occurs and too much can cause
muscle spasms. This is especially dangerous in the
heart muscle and an irregular heartbeat can cause a
heart attack
The body uses the Protein Buffering Proteins contain many acidic and basic group that can
System, Phosphate Buffering System, be affected by pH changes. Any increase or decrease
and Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate in blood pH can alter the structure of the protein
System to regulate and maintain (denature), thereby affecting its function as well
homeostatic pH, what is the
consequence of a pH imbalance?
D236 Patho OA Exam with Question and Answer 100% Correct
, D236 Patho OA Exam with Question and Answer 100% Correct
Describe the laboratory findings Respiratory Acidosis:
associated with metabolic acidosis, Ph <7.35, CO2 >45, HCO3 >26
metabolic alkalosis, respiratory Respiratory Alkalosis:
acidosis and respiratory alkalosis. (ie Ph >7.35, CO2 <35, HCO3 <22
relative pH and CO2 levels). Metabolic Acidosis:
Ph <7.35, HCO3 <22, CO2 <35
Respiratory Acidosis:
Ph >7.35, HCO3 >26, CO2 >45
Normal ABGs (Arterial Blood Gases) Blood pH: 7.35-
7.45 PCO2: 35-45 mm Hg PO2: 90-100 mm Hg HCO3-:
22-26 mEq/L SaO2: 95-100% Respiratory acidosis and
alkalosis are marked by changes in PCO2. Higher =
acidosis and lower = alkalosis Metabolic acidosis and
alkalosis are caused by something other than
abnormal CO2 levels. This could include toxicity,
diabetes, renal failure or excessive GI losses. Here are
the rules to follow to determine if is respiratory or
metabolic in nature. -If pH and PCO2 are moving in
opposite directions, then it is the pCO2 levels that are
causing the imbalance and it is respiratory in nature. -
If PCO2 is normal or is moving tin the same direction
as the pH, then the imbalance is metabolic in nature.
The anion gap is the difference AG range: 8-16
between measured cations (Na+ and The anion gap is the calculation of unmeasured anions
K+) and measured anions (Cl- and in the blood. Lactic acid and ketones both lead to the
HCO3-), this calculation can be useful production of unmeasured anions, which remove
in determining the cause of metabolic HCO3- (a measured anion) due to buffering of the
acidosis. Why would an increased excess H+ and therefore leads to an increase in the
anion gap be observed in diabetic AG
ketoacidosis or lactic acidosis?
D236 Patho OA Exam with Question and Answer 100% Correct
