PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MODULE 8 EXAM PRACTICE |
RENAL SYSTEM & ACID-BASE BALANCE |
COMPREHENSIVE 2026/2027 UPDATE EXAM
QUESTIONS 100% WITH CORRECT ANSWERS AND
RATIOALES
A certain disease is currently found in 1 of every 10 people in the country and
1,000 people contract the disease yearly. The population of the country is
4,500,000. Which of the following statements is correct?
a. The prevalence of the disease is 10% and the incidence is .02%.
b. The prevalence of the disease is .02% and the incidence is 10%.
c. Neither is correct.
d. There is insufficient data - Correct AnswerA
In relation to disease development, the term "etiology" refers to which of the
following?
a.number of people with the disease
b. cause of the disease
c. definition of the disease
d. outcome of the disease - Correct AnswerB
Which of the following is(are) true about "symptoms"?
a. objective and measurable
Page 1 of 88
,b. the same as "signs"
c. both of the above
d. neither of the above - Correct AnswerD
In 1992, there were 980 deaths in a Midwestern city with a population of
1,000,000. At the beginning of that year, 900 cases of AIDS existed in this
population. During the year, 250 new cases of AIDS were diagnosed, and 75
people died of the disease in 1992.
Using the data given above, what was the incidence rate (per 100,000 population)
at the end of 1992 for AIDS?
a. 6
b. 25
c. 88
d. 116 - Correct AnswerB
What level of prevention is a blood pressure screening program for high school
students who are pregnant?
a. primary
b. secondary
c. tertiary - Correct AnswerB
Mr. Forbes complains of "indigestion" and becomes sweaty and pale. His wife
takes him to the Emergency Department at Northwestern Memorial Hospital. A
cardiac catheterization 2 days later shows partial blockage of his right coronary
artery (RCA).
Page 2 of 88
,Blockage of the right coronary artery can lead to myocardial cell injury because it
results in which of the following?
a. bilirubin accumulation in myocardial cells
b. alteration in the genetic material of myocardial cells
c. reduced energy production in myocardial cells
d. activation of the complement system - Correct AnswerC
When myocardial cells are injured, the function of the Na-K membrane pump may
be impaired. Which of the following may then result?
a.intracellular sodium will increase
b. extracellular potassium will decrease
c. cell volume will decrease
d. all of the above - Correct AnswerA
Mr. Forbes is being prepared for open heart surgery when he suffers a myocardial
infarction in which a large part of his left ventricle has suffered lethal cell injury.
Mr. Forbes' CPK-MB and LDH1, enzymes associated with myocardial cells, are
significantly elevated. What is the best explanation for this?
a. It is a sign that necrotic myocardial cells have released their cytoplasmic
contents into the blood.
b. It is a sign of reversible fatty accumulation in the myocardial cells
c. It is a sign that the myocardial cells are undergoing hypertrophy.
d. None of the above. - Correct AnswerA
Page 3 of 88
, If a tissue specimen of myocardial cells were obtained for examination from Mr.
Forbes, which of the following findings would indicate irreversible cell injury?
a. cellular swelling
b. decreased ATP production
c. decreased intracellular calcium
d. dissolution of nuclear material - Correct AnswerD
The accumulation of lactic acid that occurs with impaired energy production
results from which of the following?
a. increased intracellular glucose
b. increased anaerobic metabolism
c. decreased metabolic rate
d. increased oxidative phosphorylation - Correct AnswerB
A mountain climber is stranded at 23,000 feet in the Swiss Alps and has lost all his
equipment and supplies in an avalanche. Subsequently, he suffers cell injury due
to impaired ATP production. The reason for the decrease in ATP is which of the
following?
a. enzyme inhibition
b. uncoupling
c. hypoxia
d. none of the above - Correct AnswerC
Page 4 of 88
RENAL SYSTEM & ACID-BASE BALANCE |
COMPREHENSIVE 2026/2027 UPDATE EXAM
QUESTIONS 100% WITH CORRECT ANSWERS AND
RATIOALES
A certain disease is currently found in 1 of every 10 people in the country and
1,000 people contract the disease yearly. The population of the country is
4,500,000. Which of the following statements is correct?
a. The prevalence of the disease is 10% and the incidence is .02%.
b. The prevalence of the disease is .02% and the incidence is 10%.
c. Neither is correct.
d. There is insufficient data - Correct AnswerA
In relation to disease development, the term "etiology" refers to which of the
following?
a.number of people with the disease
b. cause of the disease
c. definition of the disease
d. outcome of the disease - Correct AnswerB
Which of the following is(are) true about "symptoms"?
a. objective and measurable
Page 1 of 88
,b. the same as "signs"
c. both of the above
d. neither of the above - Correct AnswerD
In 1992, there were 980 deaths in a Midwestern city with a population of
1,000,000. At the beginning of that year, 900 cases of AIDS existed in this
population. During the year, 250 new cases of AIDS were diagnosed, and 75
people died of the disease in 1992.
Using the data given above, what was the incidence rate (per 100,000 population)
at the end of 1992 for AIDS?
a. 6
b. 25
c. 88
d. 116 - Correct AnswerB
What level of prevention is a blood pressure screening program for high school
students who are pregnant?
a. primary
b. secondary
c. tertiary - Correct AnswerB
Mr. Forbes complains of "indigestion" and becomes sweaty and pale. His wife
takes him to the Emergency Department at Northwestern Memorial Hospital. A
cardiac catheterization 2 days later shows partial blockage of his right coronary
artery (RCA).
Page 2 of 88
,Blockage of the right coronary artery can lead to myocardial cell injury because it
results in which of the following?
a. bilirubin accumulation in myocardial cells
b. alteration in the genetic material of myocardial cells
c. reduced energy production in myocardial cells
d. activation of the complement system - Correct AnswerC
When myocardial cells are injured, the function of the Na-K membrane pump may
be impaired. Which of the following may then result?
a.intracellular sodium will increase
b. extracellular potassium will decrease
c. cell volume will decrease
d. all of the above - Correct AnswerA
Mr. Forbes is being prepared for open heart surgery when he suffers a myocardial
infarction in which a large part of his left ventricle has suffered lethal cell injury.
Mr. Forbes' CPK-MB and LDH1, enzymes associated with myocardial cells, are
significantly elevated. What is the best explanation for this?
a. It is a sign that necrotic myocardial cells have released their cytoplasmic
contents into the blood.
b. It is a sign of reversible fatty accumulation in the myocardial cells
c. It is a sign that the myocardial cells are undergoing hypertrophy.
d. None of the above. - Correct AnswerA
Page 3 of 88
, If a tissue specimen of myocardial cells were obtained for examination from Mr.
Forbes, which of the following findings would indicate irreversible cell injury?
a. cellular swelling
b. decreased ATP production
c. decreased intracellular calcium
d. dissolution of nuclear material - Correct AnswerD
The accumulation of lactic acid that occurs with impaired energy production
results from which of the following?
a. increased intracellular glucose
b. increased anaerobic metabolism
c. decreased metabolic rate
d. increased oxidative phosphorylation - Correct AnswerB
A mountain climber is stranded at 23,000 feet in the Swiss Alps and has lost all his
equipment and supplies in an avalanche. Subsequently, he suffers cell injury due
to impaired ATP production. The reason for the decrease in ATP is which of the
following?
a. enzyme inhibition
b. uncoupling
c. hypoxia
d. none of the above - Correct AnswerC
Page 4 of 88
