NURS 5315 Exam 1: Comprehensive Pathophysiology Review with Questions & Answers (UTA, 2025/2026)

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NURS 5315 EXAM 1 m 8 m 8 m 8




NURS 5315 Exam 1: Comprehensive Pathophysiology Reviewwith
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Questions & Answers (UTA, 2025/2026)
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THIS DOCUMENTCONTAIS : m8 m8 m 8




ž• NURS5315
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ž• NURS 5315 EXAM1
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ž• COMPREHENSIVE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
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m8 ž• m 8 REVIEW WITH QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
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m8 ž• m 8 (UTA, 2025/2026) m8

,Question 1 : m 8 m8




Which term describes the decrease in cell size that can occur physiologically in the thymus gland during
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early childhood or pathologically from disuse?
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A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Dysplasia

Correct Answer: C m8 m8




Explanation: Atrophy refers to cells decreasing in size. This can be a physiologic process, such as
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mthe thymus gland decreasing in early childhood, or a pathologic process resulting from disuse.
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mHypertrophy is an increase in cell size, hyperplasia is an increase in cell number, and dysplasia involves cells
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changing in size, shape, and organization.
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Question 2: m8




A patient presents with cardiomegaly due to hypertension. Which cellular adaptation process is
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responsible for this condition?
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A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia

Correct Answer: B m8 m8




Explanation: Hypertrophy is the increase in cell size due to increased workload. Cardiomegaly from
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hypertension is a classic example of pathologic hypertrophy, where the heart muscle cells enlarge to
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compensate for the increased workload of pumping against elevated blood pressure.
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Question 3: m8

,Endometrial hyperplasia is typicallyrelated to hormonal influences and represents which type of cellular
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adaptation?
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A. Atrophy
B. Metaplasia
C. Hyperplasia
D. Hypertrophy

Correct Answer: C m8 m8




Explanation: Hyperplasia is theincreasein cell numberdueto increased cellulardivision. Endometrial
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hyperplasiais usually related tohormonal influencesand represents a pathologic formof hyperplasia. This
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differsfromphysiologichyperplasia, such as liverregeneration afterpartial hepatectomy.
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Question 4: m8




A cervical biopsyfrom a patient with HPVinfection shows disordered cellular proliferation with cells varying in
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size, shape, and organization. This finding is characteristic of:
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A. Metaplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Hyperplasia
D. Atrophy

Correct Answer: B m8 m8




Explanation: Dysplasia, also known as atypical hyperplasia, is characterized bycells changing in size, shape,
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and organization with disordered proliferation. Squamous dysplasia ofthe cervixfrom HPV infection is a
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classic example. This condition is considered pre-neoplastic and mayprogress to cancer if untreated.
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Question 5: m8




Achronicsmoker develops stratified squamous epithelial cells in thebronchial lining, replacing the normal
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ciliated columnar epithelium. This represents which cellular adaptation?
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, A. Dysplasia
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Hypertrophy

CorrectAnswer: C m
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Explanation:Metaplasiaisthereplacementofone celltype withanother.Itoccursasareprogramming of
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stem cells and is potentially reversible. The development of stratified squamous cells in the bronchial
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liningduetocigarettesmokeisaclassicexampleofmetaplasia,representingan adaptiveresponseto
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chronic irritation.
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Question 6: m8




A patient presents with cyanosis, cognitive impairment, and lethargy. Laboratory findings indicate
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minadequate oxygenation of tissues. This clinical picture is most consistent with:
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A. Free radical injury
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B. Ethanol toxicity m 8




C. Hypoxia injury m 8




D. Fatty infiltration m8




CorrectAnswer: C m
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Explanation: Hypoxia injuryresults from inadequate oxygenation oftissues. It causes decreased
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mitochondrial function, reduced ATP production, and increased anaerobic metabolism, potentially
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leading to cell death. Clinical manifestations include hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, and
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mlethargy.
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Question 7: m8




Which type of cellular injury is associated with the development of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease,
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and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?
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A. Ethanol toxicity m 8




B. Free radical and ROS injury
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C. Hypoxia injury m 8




D. Oncosis