ACE YOUR NUR 265 EXAM: COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE WITH
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST
2026/2027
◍ What are key features of nephrotic syndrome? Answer: -
*Massive proteinuria*
-*Hypoalbuminemia*
-*Edema (facial and periorbital)*
-Lipiduria
-Hyperlipidemia
-Increased coagulation
-Reduced kidney function
◍ In nephrotic syndrome, severe protein loss in the urine is greater
than what? Answer: 3.5g in 24 hours
◍ What is nephrotic syndrome treated with? Answer:
immunosuppressant agents (if immunity based). -ACE
inhibitors (decreased protein loss in urine)
-statins (improve blood lipid levels).
-Heparin (used to treat vascular effects and improve kidney function)
◍ Describe the "risk" stage for AKI Answer: creatinine x 1.5 of
normal, and GFR reduced by 25%
,◍ Describe the "injury" stage for AKI Answer: creatinine x2 &
GFR reduced by 50%
◍ Describe the "failure" stage for AKI Answer: creatinine x3
normal, & GFR reduced by 75% (Cant fix)
◍ Describe Prerenal AKI. Give examples. Answer: Decreased
perfusion to kidneys.
-NSAIDs
-Severe dehydration
-Renal artery stenosis
-MI or HF resulting in low ejection fraction and low cardiac output -
Blood/ fluid loss
◍ Describe Intrarenal AKI. Give examples. Answer: Tissue damage
to the actual kidneys.
-Glomerulonephritis or inflammation of the glomeruli
-Sepsis
-Intrarenal bleeding
-Pyelonephritis
◍ Describe Postrenal AKI. Give examples. Answer: Obstruction
that occurs after the kidney.
, -Enlarged prostate (BPH)
-Bladder Cancer
-Kidney stones
◍ How do you determine the mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
Answer: Systolic + (Diastolic*2) /3
◍ What is the MAP needed to perfuse the kidneys? Answer: 65
mmHg
◍ What are examples of nephrotoxic drugs? Answer: -NSAIDS
-Metformin
-Diuretics
-Antibiotics (especially -mycin)
-Contrast dye
◍ During the diuretic phase of AKI, what needs to be monitored?
Answer: Watch for dehydration and make sure output is greater than
input
◍ What are the dietary restrictions for an AKI patient? Answer: -
Low protein
-Low sodium
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST
2026/2027
◍ What are key features of nephrotic syndrome? Answer: -
*Massive proteinuria*
-*Hypoalbuminemia*
-*Edema (facial and periorbital)*
-Lipiduria
-Hyperlipidemia
-Increased coagulation
-Reduced kidney function
◍ In nephrotic syndrome, severe protein loss in the urine is greater
than what? Answer: 3.5g in 24 hours
◍ What is nephrotic syndrome treated with? Answer:
immunosuppressant agents (if immunity based). -ACE
inhibitors (decreased protein loss in urine)
-statins (improve blood lipid levels).
-Heparin (used to treat vascular effects and improve kidney function)
◍ Describe the "risk" stage for AKI Answer: creatinine x 1.5 of
normal, and GFR reduced by 25%
,◍ Describe the "injury" stage for AKI Answer: creatinine x2 &
GFR reduced by 50%
◍ Describe the "failure" stage for AKI Answer: creatinine x3
normal, & GFR reduced by 75% (Cant fix)
◍ Describe Prerenal AKI. Give examples. Answer: Decreased
perfusion to kidneys.
-NSAIDs
-Severe dehydration
-Renal artery stenosis
-MI or HF resulting in low ejection fraction and low cardiac output -
Blood/ fluid loss
◍ Describe Intrarenal AKI. Give examples. Answer: Tissue damage
to the actual kidneys.
-Glomerulonephritis or inflammation of the glomeruli
-Sepsis
-Intrarenal bleeding
-Pyelonephritis
◍ Describe Postrenal AKI. Give examples. Answer: Obstruction
that occurs after the kidney.
, -Enlarged prostate (BPH)
-Bladder Cancer
-Kidney stones
◍ How do you determine the mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
Answer: Systolic + (Diastolic*2) /3
◍ What is the MAP needed to perfuse the kidneys? Answer: 65
mmHg
◍ What are examples of nephrotoxic drugs? Answer: -NSAIDS
-Metformin
-Diuretics
-Antibiotics (especially -mycin)
-Contrast dye
◍ During the diuretic phase of AKI, what needs to be monitored?
Answer: Watch for dehydration and make sure output is greater than
input
◍ What are the dietary restrictions for an AKI patient? Answer: -
Low protein
-Low sodium
