NSG 501 EXAM 2 | COMPREHENSIVE NURSING STUDY GUIDE,
PRACTICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 2026/2027
relationship of ventilation, oxygenation, perfusion - ANS ✔✔- blood is oxygenated through ventilation,
perfusion, and transport of respiratory gases
- neural and chemical regulators control respiration in response to tissue demands
- cardio system has transport mechanisms to distribute O2 to cells
normal ventilation, oxygenation, and perfusion findings - ANS ✔✔inspection : skin and mucous
membrane color, level of consciousness, breathing pattern, chest wall movement, circulation
palpation: chest, feet, legs, pulses (radial, pedal, brachial, femoral, etc.)
percussion: presence of abnormal fluid or air, diaphragmatic excursion (movement of diaphragm during
breathing)
auscultation: normal/abnormal lung & heart sounds
deviations from normal ventilation, oxygenation, and perfusion findings - ANS ✔✔cyanosis, decreased
skin turgor, pursed-lip breathing, barrel chest, asymmetry of chest wall movement, respiratory patterns
(tachypnea, kussmaul, ataxia, etc.)
tissue oxygenation related to: pt age - ANS ✔✔prematures: premature heart and lungs, lack of
surfactant
infants/toddlers: risk for upper respiratory infections, obstructions due to anatomy
school aged/adolescents: second hand smoke exposure, obesity, vaping products
young & middle aged adults: heart disease due to diet, lack of exercise, stress, energy drinks, etc
pregnancy: dyspnea on exertion, fatigue, changes to cardio and resp systems
older adults: changes to heart and lungs due to ag, risk of flu and pneumonia (get them vaxxed)
tissue oxygenation related to: lifestyle factors - ANS ✔✔nutrition: poor nutrition can cause resp muscle
wasting, weakness
hydration: fluid overload (disrupts cardio/resp systems). fluid deficit (dizziness, hypotension, thickened
respiratory secretions)
cigarette smoking : vasoconstriction, worsening asthma or COPD
substance use: impaired tissue oxygenation
stress: increased demands on body for blood supply/oxygenation
environment: urban areas -> greater lung disease
constriction workers at risk for asbestos
clinical outcomes as a result of alterations in cardiorespiratory functions - ANS ✔✔ABNORMAL:
blood tests - cbc (rbcs, wbcs, platelets), cmp (electrolytes, creatinine, glucose, etc)
radiology - CT scans, Xrays, MRI
TB skin tests, EKG, echocardiogram, stress test
nursing interventions for health promotion of cardiopulmonary functions - ANS ✔✔promotion: healthy
lifestyle (exercise/diet), vaccinations(flu/covid/pneumonia), prevent environmental pollutants (second
hand smoke, chemicals)
, O2 therapy to prevent hypoxia (look at slides 31 and 33 for different forms of low flow or high flow O2
delivery devices)
nursing interventions for health maintenance of cardiopulmonary functions - ANS ✔✔- ambulation
-incentive spirometer (encourages voluntary deep breathing)
-positioning (at least 30 degrees for better lung expansion)
- noninvasive ventilation (CPAP, BiPAP)
- invasive mechanical ventilation (ET or tracheostomy)
- lung expansion
nursing interventions for restoration of cardiopulmonary functions - ANS ✔✔-CPR
compressions: two hands on center of chest, push hard (5 cm deep) and fast (100/min)
airway: push chin up and tilt head back, clear any airway obstructions
breaths : two slow breaths
- Defibrillator
- cardiopulmonary rehab (oxygen therapy counseling, nutrition, exercise)
- respiratory muscle training
- breathing exercises (pursed-lip and diaphragmatic)
patient education of patient/family centered care - ANS ✔✔TEACHING should be interactive, promoting
new knowledge and behaviors, could be formal or informal
LEARNING is purposefully acquiring knowledge, change in behaviors
- incorporate patients and family in teaching so that the patient is taken care of at home correctly
delegation vs. responsibility vs. accountability - ANS ✔✔-nurses are able to delegate their tasks to other
assistants such as PCTs and CNAs
-nurses are responsible for making sure that assistants know what they are supposed to do and RNs have
to evaluate the outcome
-nurses take accountability for their actions, even if we delegate tasks to assistants, we are responsible
for the outcomes
domains of learning - ANS ✔✔cognitive - acquiring knowledge (ex: giving pt a pamphlet and pt able to
understand it)
psychomotor - acquiring skills (mental and muscular activity, ex: is the patient able to give them self
insulin?)
affective - deals with expression of feelings, acceptance, of attitudes, opinions, values
adult learning principles - ANS ✔✔preferences of adult learners for what and how they learn
- learning depends on motivation to learn, ability to learn, learning styles, and learning environment
a) The ability to learn depends on a patient's : physical and cognitive characteristics, developmental
level, physical wellness, and intellectual though processes
how do individuals learn? - ANS ✔✔VARK assessment
visual, aural, read/write, kinaesthetic
teach-back process - ANS ✔✔-a way to make sure that nurses explained information clearly and pts
understand
PRACTICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 2026/2027
relationship of ventilation, oxygenation, perfusion - ANS ✔✔- blood is oxygenated through ventilation,
perfusion, and transport of respiratory gases
- neural and chemical regulators control respiration in response to tissue demands
- cardio system has transport mechanisms to distribute O2 to cells
normal ventilation, oxygenation, and perfusion findings - ANS ✔✔inspection : skin and mucous
membrane color, level of consciousness, breathing pattern, chest wall movement, circulation
palpation: chest, feet, legs, pulses (radial, pedal, brachial, femoral, etc.)
percussion: presence of abnormal fluid or air, diaphragmatic excursion (movement of diaphragm during
breathing)
auscultation: normal/abnormal lung & heart sounds
deviations from normal ventilation, oxygenation, and perfusion findings - ANS ✔✔cyanosis, decreased
skin turgor, pursed-lip breathing, barrel chest, asymmetry of chest wall movement, respiratory patterns
(tachypnea, kussmaul, ataxia, etc.)
tissue oxygenation related to: pt age - ANS ✔✔prematures: premature heart and lungs, lack of
surfactant
infants/toddlers: risk for upper respiratory infections, obstructions due to anatomy
school aged/adolescents: second hand smoke exposure, obesity, vaping products
young & middle aged adults: heart disease due to diet, lack of exercise, stress, energy drinks, etc
pregnancy: dyspnea on exertion, fatigue, changes to cardio and resp systems
older adults: changes to heart and lungs due to ag, risk of flu and pneumonia (get them vaxxed)
tissue oxygenation related to: lifestyle factors - ANS ✔✔nutrition: poor nutrition can cause resp muscle
wasting, weakness
hydration: fluid overload (disrupts cardio/resp systems). fluid deficit (dizziness, hypotension, thickened
respiratory secretions)
cigarette smoking : vasoconstriction, worsening asthma or COPD
substance use: impaired tissue oxygenation
stress: increased demands on body for blood supply/oxygenation
environment: urban areas -> greater lung disease
constriction workers at risk for asbestos
clinical outcomes as a result of alterations in cardiorespiratory functions - ANS ✔✔ABNORMAL:
blood tests - cbc (rbcs, wbcs, platelets), cmp (electrolytes, creatinine, glucose, etc)
radiology - CT scans, Xrays, MRI
TB skin tests, EKG, echocardiogram, stress test
nursing interventions for health promotion of cardiopulmonary functions - ANS ✔✔promotion: healthy
lifestyle (exercise/diet), vaccinations(flu/covid/pneumonia), prevent environmental pollutants (second
hand smoke, chemicals)
, O2 therapy to prevent hypoxia (look at slides 31 and 33 for different forms of low flow or high flow O2
delivery devices)
nursing interventions for health maintenance of cardiopulmonary functions - ANS ✔✔- ambulation
-incentive spirometer (encourages voluntary deep breathing)
-positioning (at least 30 degrees for better lung expansion)
- noninvasive ventilation (CPAP, BiPAP)
- invasive mechanical ventilation (ET or tracheostomy)
- lung expansion
nursing interventions for restoration of cardiopulmonary functions - ANS ✔✔-CPR
compressions: two hands on center of chest, push hard (5 cm deep) and fast (100/min)
airway: push chin up and tilt head back, clear any airway obstructions
breaths : two slow breaths
- Defibrillator
- cardiopulmonary rehab (oxygen therapy counseling, nutrition, exercise)
- respiratory muscle training
- breathing exercises (pursed-lip and diaphragmatic)
patient education of patient/family centered care - ANS ✔✔TEACHING should be interactive, promoting
new knowledge and behaviors, could be formal or informal
LEARNING is purposefully acquiring knowledge, change in behaviors
- incorporate patients and family in teaching so that the patient is taken care of at home correctly
delegation vs. responsibility vs. accountability - ANS ✔✔-nurses are able to delegate their tasks to other
assistants such as PCTs and CNAs
-nurses are responsible for making sure that assistants know what they are supposed to do and RNs have
to evaluate the outcome
-nurses take accountability for their actions, even if we delegate tasks to assistants, we are responsible
for the outcomes
domains of learning - ANS ✔✔cognitive - acquiring knowledge (ex: giving pt a pamphlet and pt able to
understand it)
psychomotor - acquiring skills (mental and muscular activity, ex: is the patient able to give them self
insulin?)
affective - deals with expression of feelings, acceptance, of attitudes, opinions, values
adult learning principles - ANS ✔✔preferences of adult learners for what and how they learn
- learning depends on motivation to learn, ability to learn, learning styles, and learning environment
a) The ability to learn depends on a patient's : physical and cognitive characteristics, developmental
level, physical wellness, and intellectual though processes
how do individuals learn? - ANS ✔✔VARK assessment
visual, aural, read/write, kinaesthetic
teach-back process - ANS ✔✔-a way to make sure that nurses explained information clearly and pts
understand
