ASU BIO 201: EXAM 3 LATEST 2026 UPDATED QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED 100% SOLUTIONS (2026/2027) GRADE: A+|STATUS:
GUARANTEED PASS
isometric muscle contraction - Answers -Isometric: muscle is producing internal tension while
an external resistance causes it to stay the same length or become longer, can be a prelude to
movement when tension is absorbed by elastic component of muscle, important in postural
muscle function and antagonistic muscle joint stabilization
Isotonic muscle contraction - Answers -muscle changes in length with no change in tension
concentric and eccentric contraction
concentric and eccentric contraction - Answers -Concentric: muscle shortens while maintaining
tension
Eccentric: muscle lengthens as it maintains tension
2 main pathways of ATP synthesis - Answers -Anaerobic fermentation: cells make little ATP
w/out oxygen, produces lactic acid (a major part in muscle fatigue)
Aerobic respiration: produces more ATP, less toxic end products (CO2 and water), requires
constant supply of O2
how myokinase and creatine kinase function in the phosphagen system - Answers -Myokinase:
transfers Pi from one ADP to another converting the latter to ATP
1|Page
,Creatine kinase: obtains Pi from a phosphate-storage molecule creatine phosphate (CP) (helps
maintain ATP level while other ATP-generating mechanisms are being activated)
glycogen-lactic acid system - Answers -the pathway from glycogen to lactic acid
-produces enough ATP for 30-40 seconds of maximum activity
factors that contribute to muscle fatigue - Answers --ATP synthesis as glycogen is consumed
-ATP shortage slows down the Na+-K+ pumps
-Lactic acid lowers pH of sarcoplasm
-Release of K+ w/ each action potential causes the accumulation of extracellular K+
-Motor nerve fibers use up their ACh
-CNS fatigues by unknown processes
endurance - Answers -the ability to maintain high-intensity exercise for more than 4-5 minutes
-determine mostly by max. oxygen uptake (VO2max): the point at which the rate of O2
consumption reaches a plateau and doesn't increase further with an added workload
factors that affect maximum oxygen uptake - Answers --proportional to body size
-if you're male/female (usually greater in males)
-if the person is endurance trained
oxygen debt - Answers -when O2 needs to be replaced
2|Page
,-replace O2 reserves that were depleted in the first minutes of exercise
-replenishing the phosphagen system
-oxidizing lactic acid
-serving the elevated metabolic rate
use of oral creatine supplement and strategy of carb loading - Answers -Oral creatine
supplement: increases level of creatine phosphate in muscle tissue and increases speed of ATP
regeneration
Carbohydrate loading: dietary regimen that packs extra glycogen into muscle cells, extra
glycogen is hydrophilic and adds 2.7g water/g glycogen
SO vs FG fibers - Answers -Slow oxidative: slow twitch, red, or type I fibers
-dark meat, abundant mitochondria, myoglobin, and capillaries
-adapted for aerobic respiration and fatigue resistance
Fast glycolytic: fast-twitch, white, or type II fibers
-white meat (due to less mitochondria, myoglobin, and blood capillaries) fibers adapted for
quick responses, not fatigue resistance
-rich in enzymes of phosphagen and glycogen-lactic acid systems
factors that affect muscular strength - Answers --muscle size
-fascicle arrangement
-size of motor units
-MMU summation -recruitment
-temporal summation
3|Page
, -length-tension relationship
-Fatigue
resistance training vs endurance training - Answers -Resistance: weight lifting, contraction of
muscles against a load that resists movement, growth is from cellular enlargement, muscle
fibers synthesize more myofilaments and myofibrils and grow thicker
Endurance: aerobics, improves fatigue resistant muscles, slow twitch fibers produce more
michondria, glycogen, and acquire a greater density of blood capillaries, increases RBC count
and O2 transport capacity of the blood
cardiac muscle - Answers --Striated, interacalated discs, autonomic nervous system, uses mainly
aerobic respiration, contracts with regular rhythm, muscle cells of each chamber must contract
in unison
smooth muscle - Answers -made of myocytes that have a fusiform shape, uninucleate, no
striations, no z discs (dense bodies instead), SR is scanty, no T tubules
Multiunit, single-unit
major differences between smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscle - Answers -Smooth: one
nucleus, no striations, dense bodies instead of Z discs, no T tubules, capable of mitosis and
hyperplasia, involuntary
Cardiac: striated, intercalated discs, damaged cells repair by fibrosis, larger T tubules,
involuntary
Skeletal: striated, voluntary,
4|Page
VERIFIED 100% SOLUTIONS (2026/2027) GRADE: A+|STATUS:
GUARANTEED PASS
isometric muscle contraction - Answers -Isometric: muscle is producing internal tension while
an external resistance causes it to stay the same length or become longer, can be a prelude to
movement when tension is absorbed by elastic component of muscle, important in postural
muscle function and antagonistic muscle joint stabilization
Isotonic muscle contraction - Answers -muscle changes in length with no change in tension
concentric and eccentric contraction
concentric and eccentric contraction - Answers -Concentric: muscle shortens while maintaining
tension
Eccentric: muscle lengthens as it maintains tension
2 main pathways of ATP synthesis - Answers -Anaerobic fermentation: cells make little ATP
w/out oxygen, produces lactic acid (a major part in muscle fatigue)
Aerobic respiration: produces more ATP, less toxic end products (CO2 and water), requires
constant supply of O2
how myokinase and creatine kinase function in the phosphagen system - Answers -Myokinase:
transfers Pi from one ADP to another converting the latter to ATP
1|Page
,Creatine kinase: obtains Pi from a phosphate-storage molecule creatine phosphate (CP) (helps
maintain ATP level while other ATP-generating mechanisms are being activated)
glycogen-lactic acid system - Answers -the pathway from glycogen to lactic acid
-produces enough ATP for 30-40 seconds of maximum activity
factors that contribute to muscle fatigue - Answers --ATP synthesis as glycogen is consumed
-ATP shortage slows down the Na+-K+ pumps
-Lactic acid lowers pH of sarcoplasm
-Release of K+ w/ each action potential causes the accumulation of extracellular K+
-Motor nerve fibers use up their ACh
-CNS fatigues by unknown processes
endurance - Answers -the ability to maintain high-intensity exercise for more than 4-5 minutes
-determine mostly by max. oxygen uptake (VO2max): the point at which the rate of O2
consumption reaches a plateau and doesn't increase further with an added workload
factors that affect maximum oxygen uptake - Answers --proportional to body size
-if you're male/female (usually greater in males)
-if the person is endurance trained
oxygen debt - Answers -when O2 needs to be replaced
2|Page
,-replace O2 reserves that were depleted in the first minutes of exercise
-replenishing the phosphagen system
-oxidizing lactic acid
-serving the elevated metabolic rate
use of oral creatine supplement and strategy of carb loading - Answers -Oral creatine
supplement: increases level of creatine phosphate in muscle tissue and increases speed of ATP
regeneration
Carbohydrate loading: dietary regimen that packs extra glycogen into muscle cells, extra
glycogen is hydrophilic and adds 2.7g water/g glycogen
SO vs FG fibers - Answers -Slow oxidative: slow twitch, red, or type I fibers
-dark meat, abundant mitochondria, myoglobin, and capillaries
-adapted for aerobic respiration and fatigue resistance
Fast glycolytic: fast-twitch, white, or type II fibers
-white meat (due to less mitochondria, myoglobin, and blood capillaries) fibers adapted for
quick responses, not fatigue resistance
-rich in enzymes of phosphagen and glycogen-lactic acid systems
factors that affect muscular strength - Answers --muscle size
-fascicle arrangement
-size of motor units
-MMU summation -recruitment
-temporal summation
3|Page
, -length-tension relationship
-Fatigue
resistance training vs endurance training - Answers -Resistance: weight lifting, contraction of
muscles against a load that resists movement, growth is from cellular enlargement, muscle
fibers synthesize more myofilaments and myofibrils and grow thicker
Endurance: aerobics, improves fatigue resistant muscles, slow twitch fibers produce more
michondria, glycogen, and acquire a greater density of blood capillaries, increases RBC count
and O2 transport capacity of the blood
cardiac muscle - Answers --Striated, interacalated discs, autonomic nervous system, uses mainly
aerobic respiration, contracts with regular rhythm, muscle cells of each chamber must contract
in unison
smooth muscle - Answers -made of myocytes that have a fusiform shape, uninucleate, no
striations, no z discs (dense bodies instead), SR is scanty, no T tubules
Multiunit, single-unit
major differences between smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscle - Answers -Smooth: one
nucleus, no striations, dense bodies instead of Z discs, no T tubules, capable of mitosis and
hyperplasia, involuntary
Cardiac: striated, intercalated discs, damaged cells repair by fibrosis, larger T tubules,
involuntary
Skeletal: striated, voluntary,
4|Page
