NURS 5350 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1 Units 1–4 2026–2027 – Complete Study Guide, Practice Questions & Answers

Advanced Pathophysiology NURS 5350 Exam 1 2026–2027
– Units 1–4 Study Guide, Practice Questions & Answers
1. What are the two major classes of living cells?: ProkaryotesandEukaryotes
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2. What is a Prokaryote cell?: CharacterizedbyaLACKofdistinctnucleus.
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3. What are examples of Prokaryotes?: Cyanbacteria, Bacteria, and Rickettsiae.
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4. What is a Eukaryote cell?: Cells WITH A WELL-DEFINED NUCLEUS and membrane bound organelles.
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5. What are examples of Eukaroytes?: Higher animals, Plants, Fungi, and Protozoa.
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6. What are the cellular functions?: movement,conductivity,metabolicabsorption,secretion,excre-tion,
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respiration, reproduction, communication.
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7. WhatarethethreegeneralcomponentsofEukaroytes?:PlasmaMembrane,Cytoplas-ma,
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and Intracellular organelles.
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8. WhatisthefunctionofthenucleusinEukaryoticcells?:Celldivisionandcontrolof genetic
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information.
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9. What is the function of the cytoplamsa in Eukaroytic cell?: EGGWHITE Fills
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the space between the nucleus and cell membrane.
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Transports waste, metabolic processes, motility, andstorage.
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10. Function of the Ribsomes in Eukaryotic cell?: Synthesizes proteins and signaling. h h h h h h h h h h




11. FunctionoftheendoplasmicreticuluminEukaroyticcell?:Proteinsynthesisand senses h h h h h h h h h h h




cellularstress.
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12. Function of the Mitochondria in Eukaroytic cell?: Power stations that produce energy.
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13. Function of the golgi complex in Eukaroytic cell?: Refiningplant h h h h h h h h h




Directstraflc especially transportsproteins inand outofthe cell.
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14. Function of lysomes in Eukaroytic cell?: PAC MAN Eat h h h h h h h h




anything in front of it, digestion, and nutrient signaling.
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15. What are peroxisomes? (Cellular parts): Majorsitesofoxygenutilizationandhelpnerve
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myelination.
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16. What is the Cytsol? (Cellular Parts): 55%cellvolume,storage,andmetabolizesenzymes.
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17. What is the cytoskeleto? (Cell parts): The bones and muscles of the cell. Maintains cell shape,
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movement in and around cell.
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18. What is the plamsa membrane? (Cell Parts): Encasesthecell,hastransportsystems,cellto cell
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recognition, and allows lipids to leave and transport things on hormones.
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19. Whichcellhasapolarendandnon-polarend?:Eukaryoticcells. h h h h h h h h h h





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,20. Membrane composition of Eukaroytic cells/higher cells?: MadeupofPROTEINS. Made h h h h h h h h h h




from a chain of amino acids known as POLYPEPTIDES.
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"WORKHORSES" of the cell. h h h




Functions: Receptors, transporters, enzymes, surface markers, adhesion molecules, and catalysts.
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21. WhatistheproteolyticcascadewithEukaroyticcells?:Howproteinsbreakdownandmove.
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Tightly orchestrated sequence of events that cause the breakdown of protein.
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22. What is Apoptosis with Eukaroytic cells?: Pre-programmedcelldeath.
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Every cell has an expiration date.
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RBCs90dayexpiration.
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23. What are the cellular receptors with Eukaroytic cells?: Proteinmoleculesontheplasma
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membrane, in cytoplasma, or in nucleus.
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Plasma membrane receptors: Make availability for membranes (EGG CARTON)
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Ligands:(BROKENEGG STUCKIN CARTON): determinehow cellsbindorsignalsnot to bind insurface orcell.
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24. Whatarethethreemechanismsthatbindcellstogether?:Extracellularmatrix,cell
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adhesion cells, and specialized cell junctions.
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25. Whatistheextracellularmatrixandwhatareexamples?:Meshoffibrousproteins:
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fibroblasts,hyaluronicacid,collagen (waterygel-likesubstanceincomplexcarbs.
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These regulate cell growth movement, and ditterentiation.
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26. Extracellular matrix and basement membranes?: (BASALLAMINA) Lies beneathepithe-lial h h h h h h h h h




cells,surroundsindividualcells, muscles, fat.
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Fatcells stickingtogether in basallamina iswhy you don'tlose cellulite.
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27. Surface proteins that bind to adjacent cells. h h h h h h




EX: Immunoglobulin (Ig) Superfamiy.: Adhesion cells or cell adhesion molecules.
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28. Hold cells together (Epithelial cells and has special kinds of CHEMICAL
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connections.: Specialized Cell Junctions
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29. Signal transduction: First messengers?: Signalsoneway(Conveysinstructionstocellsinteri-or).
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,30. Signal transduction: Second messengers?: Signals two ways. h h h h h h




(Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and Calcium (Ca)
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31. What are the two main processes associated with cellular metabolism? And
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why?: AnabolismandCatabolism.
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Providesthecellwithenergy.
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32. What is Anabolism?: Energy metabolism or energy moving forward.
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33. What is Catabolism?: Energy releasing process of metabolism (Energy moving down). Energy is
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hreleasedfromthe cellin aformcalledATP (FUELOFTHECELL).
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34. What is the role of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)?: Cellfuel:storageofenergyand
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transportofenergy.
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ATP/Fuel is created when molecules of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are catabolized. ATPisused
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insynthesisoforganicmolecules,musclecontractions,andactivetransport.
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35. What is the citric acid cycle also known as?: Krebscycle.
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36. What is the Kreb Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle or Tricarboxylic Acid Cycyle
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(TCA)?: Occurs in the mitochondria.
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Mechanism by which energy produced from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP (Fuel).
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37. Membrane transport: Passive transport?: Occurswhenwaterandsmall,electricallycharged h h h h h h h h h h




molecules move through pores. DOES NOT REQUIRE ENERGY.
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38. Membrane transport: Active transport?: REQUIRES LIFE AND ENERGY and occurs across h h h h h h h h h h




membranes that flow upwards.
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39. WhatisthebiggestTWO-WAYchannelmessenger?:Calcium(Ca).
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40. Membrane Transport: Solutes?: Dissolved substances. h h h h




41. WhatisdiffusioninPassivetransport?: Asoluteismovedfromanareaofgreaterconcentration to an
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area of lesser concentration.
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42. What is filtration in Passive transport?: Hydrostaticpressurewaterandsolutesmovethrough a
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membrane because of a greater pushing pressure (FORCE) on one side of the membrane than on the other side (Cottee K
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Cup).
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43. What is Osmosis in Passive transport?: Water moves DOWN a concentration gradient.
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, 44. Membrane transport: What is Osmolality?: Measure of the number of milliosmoles per kg ofwater
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ortheconcentrationofmoleculesper weightofwater.
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45. Membrane transport: What is Isotonic, Hypertonic, and Hypotonic?: Isotonic: Same h h h h h h h h h




osmolarity or concentration of particles.
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Hypertonic: Concentration of more than. h h h h




Hypotonic: Lower concentration or more dilute.
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46. Active transport of NA and K+? Does it require energy? Source of energy? How
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many molecules of each are involved?: NA moves out of the cell and K+ moves into the cell(UsesATP).
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3moleculesof NAaretransported outof thecelland2moleculesofK+moveintothecell.
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47. Active transport of NA+ and K+ (Vesicular Formation): What are the three
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sourcesofactivetransport?:Endocytosis
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Phagocytosis
Exocytosis
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48. Active transport: Endocytosis?: Takingincellsfromtheoutsidethecell.
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49. Active transport: Phagocytosis?: "PACMAC" h h h h




Large molecular substances engulfed and enter cell to be destroyed lysosomal enzymes.
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50. Active transport: Exocytosis?: Expelling. h h h




51. What is the electrical activity of the cell?: ActionPotential
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52. Describeactionpotential: IamK+inthissituation. h h h h h h h h




Iam oK+inside thehome (Cell) ontherecliner ata restingstate.
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Depolarization: Disturbedwhen kids come runninginand jumpingon lap. Kids=NA. h h h h h h h h h h h




Repolarization: Restart your evening by K+ getting out of the recliner or house (Cell) and kids (NA) stays in the both reclinerand
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house(Cell).
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53. Cellular Adaptation: Atrophy?: Decrease in cell size. h h h h h h




54. Cellular Adaptation: Hypertrophy?: Increase in cell size. (Inflammation)
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55. Cellular adaptation: Hyperplasia?: Increaseinnumberofcells.(Inflammation)
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