NR./2030./Exam./2
1. community:./groups./of./interacting./species./that./occur./together./at./the./same./place./and./time
2. K:./carrying./capacity./maximum./population./size./that./can./be./supported./based./on./resources./available.
3. Intraspecific./competition:./it./occurs./between./members./of./the./same./species,./the./compete./for./food,
./space,./and./mates../It./is./basic./factor./in./natural./selection../It./leads./to./the./selection./of./traits./within./a./species.
4. Interspecific./competition:./occurs./between./members./of./ditterent./species,./they./compete./for./food
,./water,./nutrients,./and./light.
5. Lotka./Volterra./model:./in./this./equation./the./impact./of./the./additional./individual./of./Speci./
rate./of./Species./1./is./the./same./as./having./an./additional./individual./of./Species./1./(usually./predator./p
rey
6. Assumptions. / of. / Lotka. / Volterra. / model:. / (1)./only./two./species./exist:./fox./and./rabbit;
(2) rabbits./are./born./and./then./die./through./predation./or./inherent./death;
(3) foxes./are./born./and./their./birth./rate./is./positively./attected./by./the./rate./of./predation,./and./they./die
7. Four./ outcomes./ of./ Lotka./Volterra./model:./ (a)species./1./competitively./excludes./species./2;
(b) species./2./competitively./excludes./species./1;
(c) either./species./wins./based./on./population./densities;./or
(d) coexistence./occurs.
8. competitive. / exclusion. / principle:. / proposes./that./two./species./competing./for./the./same./limited./r
e-source./cannot./coexist,./the./better./competitor./will./drive./the./other./to./extinction
9. Interference. / competition:. / Direct,./physical./interference./for./limiting./resources
10. exploitative. / competition:. / Indirect./competition./through./reduction./of./resource./pool
11. Apparent. / competition:. / Negative./indirect./interactions./between./species./that./arise./because./they./shar
e. / a./natural./predator
12. What. / do. / species. / compete. / for?:. / Space,./Light,./Nutrients,./Habitat,./Competition./for
13. The. / Portal. / Project:. / Rodents./vs../ants./experiment:
(1) Wire./mesh./fence./excluded./rodents.
(2) Ants./were./excluded./with./insecticides.
(3) Both./rodents./and./ants./excluded.
(4) Undisturbed./control./plots
.
Replication:./2./plots./of./each
14. The./Portal./Project./results:./(1)./Rodents./vs../ants:./Competition./asymmetry,
(2) Rodents./were./excluded,./ant./colonies./increased./by./71%.
./ .
/
, NR./2030./Exam./2
(3) Ants./were./excluded,./rodents./increased./in./both./number./and./biomass./(20./to./29%).
(4) Both./rodents./and./ants./were./excluded,./seeds./increased./by./450%.
./ .
/
1. community:./groups./of./interacting./species./that./occur./together./at./the./same./place./and./time
2. K:./carrying./capacity./maximum./population./size./that./can./be./supported./based./on./resources./available.
3. Intraspecific./competition:./it./occurs./between./members./of./the./same./species,./the./compete./for./food,
./space,./and./mates../It./is./basic./factor./in./natural./selection../It./leads./to./the./selection./of./traits./within./a./species.
4. Interspecific./competition:./occurs./between./members./of./ditterent./species,./they./compete./for./food
,./water,./nutrients,./and./light.
5. Lotka./Volterra./model:./in./this./equation./the./impact./of./the./additional./individual./of./Speci./
rate./of./Species./1./is./the./same./as./having./an./additional./individual./of./Species./1./(usually./predator./p
rey
6. Assumptions. / of. / Lotka. / Volterra. / model:. / (1)./only./two./species./exist:./fox./and./rabbit;
(2) rabbits./are./born./and./then./die./through./predation./or./inherent./death;
(3) foxes./are./born./and./their./birth./rate./is./positively./attected./by./the./rate./of./predation,./and./they./die
7. Four./ outcomes./ of./ Lotka./Volterra./model:./ (a)species./1./competitively./excludes./species./2;
(b) species./2./competitively./excludes./species./1;
(c) either./species./wins./based./on./population./densities;./or
(d) coexistence./occurs.
8. competitive. / exclusion. / principle:. / proposes./that./two./species./competing./for./the./same./limited./r
e-source./cannot./coexist,./the./better./competitor./will./drive./the./other./to./extinction
9. Interference. / competition:. / Direct,./physical./interference./for./limiting./resources
10. exploitative. / competition:. / Indirect./competition./through./reduction./of./resource./pool
11. Apparent. / competition:. / Negative./indirect./interactions./between./species./that./arise./because./they./shar
e. / a./natural./predator
12. What. / do. / species. / compete. / for?:. / Space,./Light,./Nutrients,./Habitat,./Competition./for
13. The. / Portal. / Project:. / Rodents./vs../ants./experiment:
(1) Wire./mesh./fence./excluded./rodents.
(2) Ants./were./excluded./with./insecticides.
(3) Both./rodents./and./ants./excluded.
(4) Undisturbed./control./plots
.
Replication:./2./plots./of./each
14. The./Portal./Project./results:./(1)./Rodents./vs../ants:./Competition./asymmetry,
(2) Rodents./were./excluded,./ant./colonies./increased./by./71%.
./ .
/
, NR./2030./Exam./2
(3) Ants./were./excluded,./rodents./increased./in./both./number./and./biomass./(20./to./29%).
(4) Both./rodents./and./ants./were./excluded,./seeds./increased./by./450%.
./ .
/
