BSC 114 REVIEWS MAIN ANSWERS AND QUESTIONS
SET A+
✔✔Hormomes - ✔✔Used in long-distance signaling and are chemicals released by cells
that affect cells in other parts of the organism
✔✔Three main types of membrane receptors - ✔✔G-protein-coupled receptors,
receptor tyrosine kinases, and ion channel receptors
✔✔G protein - ✔✔A plasma membrane receptor that works with the help of a guanine
nucleotide-binding protein
✔✔Protein kinases - ✔✔Enzymes that covalently attach phosphates to proteins
✔✔Receptor tyrosine kinases - ✔✔Membrane receptors that are protein kinases
✔✔Ligan-gated ion channel receptor - ✔✔Acts as a ion gate when the receptor
changes shape
✔✔Intracellular proteins - ✔✔Receptor proteins found in the cytosol or nucleus of target
cells
✔✔How are signal transduction pathways mediated? - ✔✔Enzymes
✔✔Protein phosphatases - ✔✔Remove phosphates from phosphorylated proteins by a
hydrolysis reaction
✔✔Dephosphorylation - ✔✔Removing phosphates from phosphorylated proteins
✔✔First messenger - ✔✔The signal molecule that binds to the receptor
✔✔Second messenger - ✔✔Small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecules or ions that
spread throughout a cell by diffusion
, ✔✔Cyclic AMP - ✔✔One of the most widely used second messengers in signal
transduction pathways
✔✔Adenylyl cyclase - ✔✔An enzyme in the plasma membrane that converts ATP to
cAMP in response to an extracellular signal
✔✔Phosphodiesterases - ✔✔Enzymes that inactivate cAMP by hydrolysis to produce
AMP
✔✔Output response - ✔✔A cell's response to an extracellular signal
✔✔Scaffolding proteins - ✔✔Large relay proteins to which other signal transduction
proteins are attached
✔✔Apoptosis - ✔✔Programmed cell death (controlled suicide)
✔✔Caspases - ✔✔The main proteases that carry out apoptosis
✔✔Why would apoptosis happen? - ✔✔An extracellular death-signaling ligand, DNA
damage in the nucleus, and protein misfolding in the endoplasmic reticulum
✔✔Genome - ✔✔A cell's total content of DNA
✔✔Chromosomes - ✔✔Consists of both DNA and proteins associated with DNA
✔✔Chromatin - ✔✔Condensed chromosomes
✔✔Somatic cells - ✔✔Non-reproductive cells that have 2 sets of chromosomes
✔✔Gametes - ✔✔Reproductive cells that have half as many chromosomes as somatic
cells
✔✔Centromere - ✔✔The narrow "waist" of the duplicated chromosome where sister
chromatid's are most closely attached
✔✔Mitosis - ✔✔The division of the genetic material in the nucleus
✔✔Meiosis - ✔✔How gametes are produced and makes nonidentical daughter cells
with half as many chromosomes as the parent cell
✔✔Cell cycle - ✔✔Series of events that takes place in a cell leading to its division and
duplication
SET A+
✔✔Hormomes - ✔✔Used in long-distance signaling and are chemicals released by cells
that affect cells in other parts of the organism
✔✔Three main types of membrane receptors - ✔✔G-protein-coupled receptors,
receptor tyrosine kinases, and ion channel receptors
✔✔G protein - ✔✔A plasma membrane receptor that works with the help of a guanine
nucleotide-binding protein
✔✔Protein kinases - ✔✔Enzymes that covalently attach phosphates to proteins
✔✔Receptor tyrosine kinases - ✔✔Membrane receptors that are protein kinases
✔✔Ligan-gated ion channel receptor - ✔✔Acts as a ion gate when the receptor
changes shape
✔✔Intracellular proteins - ✔✔Receptor proteins found in the cytosol or nucleus of target
cells
✔✔How are signal transduction pathways mediated? - ✔✔Enzymes
✔✔Protein phosphatases - ✔✔Remove phosphates from phosphorylated proteins by a
hydrolysis reaction
✔✔Dephosphorylation - ✔✔Removing phosphates from phosphorylated proteins
✔✔First messenger - ✔✔The signal molecule that binds to the receptor
✔✔Second messenger - ✔✔Small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecules or ions that
spread throughout a cell by diffusion
, ✔✔Cyclic AMP - ✔✔One of the most widely used second messengers in signal
transduction pathways
✔✔Adenylyl cyclase - ✔✔An enzyme in the plasma membrane that converts ATP to
cAMP in response to an extracellular signal
✔✔Phosphodiesterases - ✔✔Enzymes that inactivate cAMP by hydrolysis to produce
AMP
✔✔Output response - ✔✔A cell's response to an extracellular signal
✔✔Scaffolding proteins - ✔✔Large relay proteins to which other signal transduction
proteins are attached
✔✔Apoptosis - ✔✔Programmed cell death (controlled suicide)
✔✔Caspases - ✔✔The main proteases that carry out apoptosis
✔✔Why would apoptosis happen? - ✔✔An extracellular death-signaling ligand, DNA
damage in the nucleus, and protein misfolding in the endoplasmic reticulum
✔✔Genome - ✔✔A cell's total content of DNA
✔✔Chromosomes - ✔✔Consists of both DNA and proteins associated with DNA
✔✔Chromatin - ✔✔Condensed chromosomes
✔✔Somatic cells - ✔✔Non-reproductive cells that have 2 sets of chromosomes
✔✔Gametes - ✔✔Reproductive cells that have half as many chromosomes as somatic
cells
✔✔Centromere - ✔✔The narrow "waist" of the duplicated chromosome where sister
chromatid's are most closely attached
✔✔Mitosis - ✔✔The division of the genetic material in the nucleus
✔✔Meiosis - ✔✔How gametes are produced and makes nonidentical daughter cells
with half as many chromosomes as the parent cell
✔✔Cell cycle - ✔✔Series of events that takes place in a cell leading to its division and
duplication
