SHS 485 EXAMINERS ANSWERS AND QUESTIONS
SET A+
✔✔Cerebrum - ✔✔- two hemispheres which sit a top and surround the diencephalon
and much of the brain
- seat of cognition but doesn't work alone!
- cortex and subcortex
✔✔Subcortex - ✔✔white matter
subcortical nuclei
ventricles
✔✔White matter - ✔✔three classes:
1) descending pathways
2) ascending pathways
3) cortico-cortical pathways (connect cortices)
✔✔Cortico-cortical pathways - ✔✔within hemisphere:
- short vs. long (fasciculi)
Ex) arcuate fasciculus which connect Broca's and Wernicke's
between hemisphere:
- mostly homologous connections
- Commissures: connections between L&R hemispheres
Ex) corpus callosum
✔✔Subcortical nuclei - ✔✔Claustrum
Amygdala
Basal Ganglia
✔✔Ventricles - ✔✔system of inter-connected fluid-filled cavities in the brain that contain
CSF
✔✔Cerebral Cortex - ✔✔Sulci and Gyri
, Lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, limbic, insular
✔✔Primary Cortex - ✔✔- cortical areas that are the primary projection fields targeted by
the sensory input pathways
- cortical areas that are the principal fields which have neurons that project down into
the spinal cord to control
- calcarine sulcus (visual)
- Heschl's gyrus (auditory)
- Post-central gyrus (somato)
- Pre-central gyrus (motor)
first stop in the brain for sensory info, or last stop out for motor info.
✔✔Non-primary cortex - ✔✔- association cortex
- where cortico-cortical connections are working
✔✔Retinotopy - ✔✔different parts of the retina connect to specific parts of the visual
cortex
✔✔Tonotopy - ✔✔different frequencies are programmed at different spots in the
auditory cortex
✔✔Somatotopy - ✔✔sensory and motor - different parts of the body connect to specific
parts of the sensory and motor cortex
✔✔Cortical magnification - ✔✔different parts of the brain (primary cortex) are dedicated
to specific parts of the body, though they are not equally sized (think about sensory info
from hands vs. elbows)
✔✔Association cortex - ✔✔Unimodal: (premotor) can be retinal, where it's not the first
stop in the brain, but is part of the processing
Multimodal: (also prefrontal) language and speech is often multimodal, hearing and
seeing simultaneously
✔✔Principles of Connectivity - ✔✔- cortical connections are selective
- a majority, but not all, of the connections are reciprocal
- hierarchical and parallel organization
✔✔Four main causes of acquired language disorders - ✔✔1) Stroke
2) Trauma
3) Tumor
4) Degenerative disease
SET A+
✔✔Cerebrum - ✔✔- two hemispheres which sit a top and surround the diencephalon
and much of the brain
- seat of cognition but doesn't work alone!
- cortex and subcortex
✔✔Subcortex - ✔✔white matter
subcortical nuclei
ventricles
✔✔White matter - ✔✔three classes:
1) descending pathways
2) ascending pathways
3) cortico-cortical pathways (connect cortices)
✔✔Cortico-cortical pathways - ✔✔within hemisphere:
- short vs. long (fasciculi)
Ex) arcuate fasciculus which connect Broca's and Wernicke's
between hemisphere:
- mostly homologous connections
- Commissures: connections between L&R hemispheres
Ex) corpus callosum
✔✔Subcortical nuclei - ✔✔Claustrum
Amygdala
Basal Ganglia
✔✔Ventricles - ✔✔system of inter-connected fluid-filled cavities in the brain that contain
CSF
✔✔Cerebral Cortex - ✔✔Sulci and Gyri
, Lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, limbic, insular
✔✔Primary Cortex - ✔✔- cortical areas that are the primary projection fields targeted by
the sensory input pathways
- cortical areas that are the principal fields which have neurons that project down into
the spinal cord to control
- calcarine sulcus (visual)
- Heschl's gyrus (auditory)
- Post-central gyrus (somato)
- Pre-central gyrus (motor)
first stop in the brain for sensory info, or last stop out for motor info.
✔✔Non-primary cortex - ✔✔- association cortex
- where cortico-cortical connections are working
✔✔Retinotopy - ✔✔different parts of the retina connect to specific parts of the visual
cortex
✔✔Tonotopy - ✔✔different frequencies are programmed at different spots in the
auditory cortex
✔✔Somatotopy - ✔✔sensory and motor - different parts of the body connect to specific
parts of the sensory and motor cortex
✔✔Cortical magnification - ✔✔different parts of the brain (primary cortex) are dedicated
to specific parts of the body, though they are not equally sized (think about sensory info
from hands vs. elbows)
✔✔Association cortex - ✔✔Unimodal: (premotor) can be retinal, where it's not the first
stop in the brain, but is part of the processing
Multimodal: (also prefrontal) language and speech is often multimodal, hearing and
seeing simultaneously
✔✔Principles of Connectivity - ✔✔- cortical connections are selective
- a majority, but not all, of the connections are reciprocal
- hierarchical and parallel organization
✔✔Four main causes of acquired language disorders - ✔✔1) Stroke
2) Trauma
3) Tumor
4) Degenerative disease
