PSYC 435 - Abnormal Psychology, CHAPTER 14 to 17, Complete latest Test bank Questions and Answers, A+

PSYC 435 - Abnormal Psychology, CHAPTER 14 to 17, Complete latest Test bank Questions and Answers, A+-case study, p. 504 A case study is a description of one specific case. Case studies can be a useful source of information and can help researchers generate hypotheses. Because of their highly selective nature, however, they cannot be used to draw any scientific conclusions. delirium, p. 505 mental disturbance marked by disorientation and confused thinking in which the patient incorrectly comprehends his surroundings. The delirious person is drowsy, restless, and fearful of imaginary disasters. major neurocognitive disorder, p. 505 (previously dementia) a decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with independence and daily life. mild neurocognitive disorder, p. 505 goes beyond normal issues of aging. It describes a level of cognitive de- cline that requires compensatory strategies and accommodations to help maintain independence and perform activities of daily living. dementia, p. 505 progressive loss of cognitive function, marked by memory problems, trouble communicating, impaired judgment, and confused thinking. It is caused by damage to brain cells and usually worsens over time. Dementia most often occurs during old age but is a more severe form of decline than normal aging. Alzheimer’s disease, p. 512 progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disorder - most common cause of dementia - has an imperceptible onset and a usually slow but progressively deteriorating course, terminating in delirium and death. have impaired memory for recent events, many patients have “empty” speech in which grammar and syntax remain intact, but vague and seemingly pointless expressions replace meaningful conversational exchange - “It’s a nice day, but it might rain” - atrophy in number of brain areas, including the hippocampus (which you may recall is involved in memory) Huntington’s disease, p. 512 rare degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that afflicts about 1 in every 10,000 people (Phillips et al., 2008). illness begins in midlife (the mean age around 40 ), affects men and women in equal numbers - characterized by a chronic, progressive chorea (involuntary and irregular movements that flow randomly from one area of the body to another) - subtle cognitive problems often predate the onset of motor symptoms by many years - cognitive problems due to the loss of brain tissue occurs as much as a decade before the formal onset of the illness - eventually develop dementia, and death usually occurs within 10 to 20 years of first developing the illness - no effective treatments that can restore functioning /slow down disorder Huntington’s disease is caused by a single dominant gene (the Huntingtin gene) on chromosome 4. Parkinson’s disease, p. 512 characterized by motor symptoms such as resting tremors or rigid movements. The underlying cause of this is loss of dopamine neurons in an area of the brain called the substantia nigra early-onset Alzheimer’s disease, p. 515 account for only 1–2 percent of cases overall) caused by rare genetic mutations. So far, three such mutations have been identified - APOE-E4 allele, p. 516 significantly enhances risk for late-onset disease. Thus, a per- son may inherit zero, one, or two of the APOE-E4 alleles, and his or her risk for Alzheimer’s disease increases correspondingly. late-onset Alzheimer’s disease, p. 516 Most cases of Alzheimer’s disease are “sporadic,” meaning that they occur without any family history, develop later in life. A gene that plays an important role in cases of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease is the APOE (apolipoprotein) gene on chromosome 19. This gene codes for a blood protein that helps carry cholesterol through the bloodstream. neurofibrillary tangles, p. 517 webs of abnormal filaments within a nerve cell. These filaments are made up of another protein called tau. In a normal, healthy brain, tau acts like scaffolding, supporting a tube inside neurons and allowing them to conduct nerve impulses. In Alzheimer’s disease the tau is misshaped and tangled. This causes the neuron tube to collapse. amyloid plaques, p. 517 neurons in the brain secrete a sticky protein substance called beta amyloid much faster than it can be broken down and cleared away. This beta amyloid then accumulates into AP - thought to interfere with synaptic functioning and to set off a cascade of events that leads to the death of brain cells. Beta amyloid has been shown to be neurotoxic - also trigger local chronic inflammation in the brain and release cytokines - Insulin may also play a role in regulating amyloid. (Again, this could help explain why diet and having diabetes have been identified as risk factors HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment, p. 522 various changes in the brain, among them generalized atrophy, edema (swelling), inflammation, and patches of demyelination - No brain area may be entirely spared, but the damage appears to be concentrated in sub- cortical regions, notably the central white matter, the tissue surrounding the ventricles, and deeper gray matter structures such as the basal ganglia and thalamus amnestic disorder, p. 523 another way of saying amnesia - strikingly disturbed memory - now diagnosed as having a major neurocognitive disorder - overall cognitive functioning in a patient with amnestic disorder is often quite good. The affected person may be able to execute a complex task - Brain damage is the root cause of amnestic disorder. Korsakoff’s syndrome, p. 523 an amnestic disorder caused by a vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency. memory problems associated with Korsakoff’s syndrome can sometimes be reversed if the syndrome is detected very early and vitamin B1 is given. Korsakoff’s syndrome is often found in people with chronic alcoholism or in those who do not eat a healthy diet. vascular dementia, p. 523 frequently confused with Alzheimer ’s - similar clinical picture of progressive dementia and its increasing incidence and prevalence rates with advancing age - series of circumscribed cerebral infarcts—interruptions of the blood supply to minute areas of the brain because of arterial disease, commonly known as “small strokes” cumulatively destroy neurons over expanding brain regions - patients have a much shorter course of illness because they are vulnerable to sudden death from stroke or cardiovascular disease traumatic brain injury (TBI), p. 524 common causes of TBI are falls, followed by motor vehicle accidents. Other causes include assaults and sports injuries - rates of TBI are higher for males than they are for females anterograde amnesia, p. 525 posttraumatic amnesia) is the inability to store effectively in memory events that happen during variable periods of time after the trauma.