HCR 240 FINAL EXAM 2026/2027 | PATHOPHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE,
PRACTICE QUESTIONS, ANSWERS & EXAM REVIEW
Crohn's disease often has this type of appearance, which is due to thickening of the epithelial wall. - ANS
✔✔Cobblestone
A bacteria that often is found in patients with GERD and stomach ulcers - ANS ✔✔H. pylori
A sign or symptom of liver disease where fluid buildups in abdomen - ANS ✔✔Ascites
Thinning of the trabecular matrix that occurs right before onset of osteoporosis - ANS ✔✔Osteopenia
Delayed stomach opening that can cause GERD - ANS ✔✔Gastroparesis
Inflammation of muscle and joints - ANS ✔✔Rheumatology
Loss of fat in stools, sign of celiac disease - ANS ✔✔Steatorrhea
What is the bacteria that often causes osteomyelitis? - ANS ✔✔S. aureus
What is the disease where the large intestine is twisting? - ANS ✔✔Volvus
What is the disease where discs between vertebrae become compressed or misaligned? - ANS
✔✔Degenerative disc disease
What is Chloelithaiasis? - ANS ✔✔Gallbladder is producing gallstones
What is another name for a bull's eye rash of Lyme Disease? - ANS ✔✔Erythema
What is Hematochezia? - ANS ✔✔Bleeding from hemorrhoids
What is arthiritis? - ANS ✔✔inflammation of the joints
What is blood in the stool called? - ANS ✔✔Melena
What is cholecystokinin? - ANS ✔✔Infection of the gallbladder leading to purulent effusion.
What are the two types of swelling that can occur i osteoarthritis? - ANS ✔✔Primary and Secondary
What is primary swelling? - ANS ✔✔Prolonged negative calcium balance
-Poor dietary habits
-Lack of weight bearing exercise
-Lack of daily exposure to sunlight
What is secondary swelling? - ANS ✔✔Disorders that affect bone tissue
, Ex. Hyperparathyroidism and cortiocosteroids
What are the usual risks of osteoporosis? - ANS ✔✔-Female
-Postmenopausal age in female
-Lack of estrogen
-Thin and small framed women
-Asian and Caucasian women
-Family history
-Lack of daily intake of calcium and vitamin D
-Alcohol and smoking use
What are two routes of infection that can occur? - ANS ✔✔-Via injection
-Direct contact with infected neighboring tissue
How can a joint be injected? - ANS ✔✔Infectious arthritis
How do uric acid crystals affect regions of the body due to hyperuricemia? - ANS ✔✔Uric acid breaks
down some food and drinks
-Kidneys get rid of most acid in urine, but when the kidneys do not work, the body makes too much acid.
-This causes build up in the blood which is called hyperuricemia.
What are the three types of hernias? - ANS ✔✔-Reducible
-Incarceration
-Strangulation
What is a reducible hernia? - ANS ✔✔A hernia that can be retuned to normal position with manual
pressure
What is a incarcerated hernia? - ANS ✔✔Loop of intestine trapped between muscle fibers.
What is a strangulated hernia? - ANS ✔✔When blood supply to the hernia is compromised by pressure.
What is celiac disease? - ANS ✔✔Hypersensitivity reaction to gluten
What is Chron's Disease? - ANS ✔✔A chronnic, transmural (entire GI wall) inflammatory process that
occurs in the bowel walls.
What is Ulcerative Colitis? - ANS ✔✔Begins in rectum and moves upward, similar presentation to Chron's
but only affects the inner most lining of the colon.
What abdominal pain is associated with appendicitis? - ANS ✔✔Abdominal pain originates umbilical
region and moves to RLQ (mcburney's point).
- 1 to 3 days from onset of vague umbilical pain to the localized RLQ pain.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS, ANSWERS & EXAM REVIEW
Crohn's disease often has this type of appearance, which is due to thickening of the epithelial wall. - ANS
✔✔Cobblestone
A bacteria that often is found in patients with GERD and stomach ulcers - ANS ✔✔H. pylori
A sign or symptom of liver disease where fluid buildups in abdomen - ANS ✔✔Ascites
Thinning of the trabecular matrix that occurs right before onset of osteoporosis - ANS ✔✔Osteopenia
Delayed stomach opening that can cause GERD - ANS ✔✔Gastroparesis
Inflammation of muscle and joints - ANS ✔✔Rheumatology
Loss of fat in stools, sign of celiac disease - ANS ✔✔Steatorrhea
What is the bacteria that often causes osteomyelitis? - ANS ✔✔S. aureus
What is the disease where the large intestine is twisting? - ANS ✔✔Volvus
What is the disease where discs between vertebrae become compressed or misaligned? - ANS
✔✔Degenerative disc disease
What is Chloelithaiasis? - ANS ✔✔Gallbladder is producing gallstones
What is another name for a bull's eye rash of Lyme Disease? - ANS ✔✔Erythema
What is Hematochezia? - ANS ✔✔Bleeding from hemorrhoids
What is arthiritis? - ANS ✔✔inflammation of the joints
What is blood in the stool called? - ANS ✔✔Melena
What is cholecystokinin? - ANS ✔✔Infection of the gallbladder leading to purulent effusion.
What are the two types of swelling that can occur i osteoarthritis? - ANS ✔✔Primary and Secondary
What is primary swelling? - ANS ✔✔Prolonged negative calcium balance
-Poor dietary habits
-Lack of weight bearing exercise
-Lack of daily exposure to sunlight
What is secondary swelling? - ANS ✔✔Disorders that affect bone tissue
, Ex. Hyperparathyroidism and cortiocosteroids
What are the usual risks of osteoporosis? - ANS ✔✔-Female
-Postmenopausal age in female
-Lack of estrogen
-Thin and small framed women
-Asian and Caucasian women
-Family history
-Lack of daily intake of calcium and vitamin D
-Alcohol and smoking use
What are two routes of infection that can occur? - ANS ✔✔-Via injection
-Direct contact with infected neighboring tissue
How can a joint be injected? - ANS ✔✔Infectious arthritis
How do uric acid crystals affect regions of the body due to hyperuricemia? - ANS ✔✔Uric acid breaks
down some food and drinks
-Kidneys get rid of most acid in urine, but when the kidneys do not work, the body makes too much acid.
-This causes build up in the blood which is called hyperuricemia.
What are the three types of hernias? - ANS ✔✔-Reducible
-Incarceration
-Strangulation
What is a reducible hernia? - ANS ✔✔A hernia that can be retuned to normal position with manual
pressure
What is a incarcerated hernia? - ANS ✔✔Loop of intestine trapped between muscle fibers.
What is a strangulated hernia? - ANS ✔✔When blood supply to the hernia is compromised by pressure.
What is celiac disease? - ANS ✔✔Hypersensitivity reaction to gluten
What is Chron's Disease? - ANS ✔✔A chronnic, transmural (entire GI wall) inflammatory process that
occurs in the bowel walls.
What is Ulcerative Colitis? - ANS ✔✔Begins in rectum and moves upward, similar presentation to Chron's
but only affects the inner most lining of the colon.
What abdominal pain is associated with appendicitis? - ANS ✔✔Abdominal pain originates umbilical
region and moves to RLQ (mcburney's point).
- 1 to 3 days from onset of vague umbilical pain to the localized RLQ pain.
