ASU HCR 240 SARDER EXAM #3 2026/2027 | STUDY GUIDE, PRACTICE
QUESTIONS, ANSWERS & EXAM REVIEW
what is hypertension? - correct answer ✔✔high blood pressure
What is systole? - correct answer ✔✔Contraction of the heart
what is diastole? - correct answer ✔✔Relaxation of the heart
how do you read blood pressure? - correct answer ✔✔systolic/diastolic
t/f stress is linked to hypertension? - correct answer ✔✔TRUE
t/f hypertension has many clear signs when it is occurring in a patient? - correct answer ✔✔FALSE
What is orthostatic hypotension? - correct answer ✔✔drop in blood pressure due to change in position
What is deep vein thrombosis? - correct answer ✔✔clot in a big major vein
What is Virchow's triad? - correct answer ✔✔1. Venous stasis
2. Hypercoagulability
3. venous endothelial damage
what disease process is virchows triad associated with? - correct answer ✔✔deep vein thrombosis
what is an embolism? - correct answer ✔✔moving blood clot
why are venous emboli dangerous? - correct answer ✔✔they can travel to the lungs
why are cardiac emboli dangerous? - correct answer ✔✔can travel to the brain or heart (myocardial
infarction)
What is atherosclerosis? - correct answer ✔✔thickening of arteries due to plaque build up
Why is atherosclerosis dangerous? - correct answer ✔✔Because the heart muscle receives less blood
and oxygen and may lead to a heart attack
what is coronary artery disease? - correct answer ✔✔Any vascular disorder that narrows or occludes the
coronary arteries
what are some non-modifiable risk factors of CAD? - correct answer ✔✔- age
- positive family history
- male genotype
what are some modifiable risk factors of CAD? - correct answer ✔✔- smoking
- obesity
,- insulin resistance
- hypertension
- high cholesterol
what are the three main types of CAD? - correct answer ✔✔1. stable angina
2. unstable angina
3. myocardial infarction
What is stable angina? - correct answer ✔✔excerise induced chest pain relieved by rest
t/f stable angina is a medical emergency? - correct answer ✔✔FALSE
What is unstable angina? - correct answer ✔✔Chest pain that occurs at rest
t/f unstable angina is a medical emergency? - correct answer ✔✔TRUE
What is a myocardial infarction? - correct answer ✔✔heart attack
what kind of pain would a patient experience with a myocardial infarction? - correct answer ✔✔deep
aching organ pain
t?f women may have different symptoms of a myocardial infarction? - correct answer ✔✔TRUE
What is Takatsubo cardiomyopathy? - correct answer ✔✔broken heart syndrome
What is cardiomyopathy? - correct answer ✔✔disease of the heart muscle (myocardium)
What is dialated cardiomyopathy? - correct answer ✔✔ventricles become flabby and the myocardium
deteriorates.
What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? - correct answer ✔✔Too much growth in the heart muscles, or
"large heart"
What is restrictive cardiomyopathy? - correct answer ✔✔Decreased compliance of the ventricles
what are the two types of valvular disorders? - correct answer ✔✔stenosis and regurgitation
What is valvular stenosis? - correct answer ✔✔A narrowed, stiffened heart valve that does not open
fully
what is valvular regurgitation? - correct answer ✔✔Valve fails to shut completely resulting in backflow of
blood
What is heart failure? - correct answer ✔✔the inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to the
bodies tissue
what is another name for left heart failure? - correct answer ✔✔congestive heart failure
, what is another name for right heart failure? - correct answer ✔✔Cor pulmonale
what are the two types of left heart failure? - correct answer ✔✔1. Systolic left heart failure
2. Diastolic left heart failure
What is systolic heart failure? - correct answer ✔✔heart can't contract and eject
what is diastolic heart failure? - correct answer ✔✔ventricles can't relax and fill
what happens in right heart failure? - correct answer ✔✔Fluid backs up into venous circulation and
causes venous congestion and peripheral edema
what are clinical manifestations of left heart failure? - correct answer ✔✔- pulmonary edema
- dyspnea
- orthopnea
- frothy mucus w/ cough
what are the clinical manifestations of right heart failure? - correct answer ✔✔- fluid overload
- dependent edema
- hepatosplenomegaly
- ascites
- jugular venous distention
what are heart dysrhythmias? - correct answer ✔✔disturbances of the heart rhythm
what are some examples of heart dysrhythmias? - correct answer ✔✔- afib
- atrial flutter
- ventricular fibrillation
what is acute pericarditis? - correct answer ✔✔inflammation of the pericardium
what are the clinical manifestations of acute pericarditis? - correct answer ✔✔- systemic symptoms
- sudden onset chest pain
what is the common cause of acute pericarditis? - correct answer ✔✔viral or bacterial infections
What is cardiac tamponade? - correct answer ✔✔compression of the heart by an accumulation of fluid
in the pericardial sac
T/F: Cardiac tamponade is a medical emergency - correct answer ✔✔TRUE
What is patent ductus arteriosus? - correct answer ✔✔Failure of ductus arteriosus to close
which pediatric cardiac disease causes a machinery-like murmur? - correct answer ✔✔patent ductus
arteriosus
what are the 4 causes of tetralogy of fallot? - correct answer ✔✔1. large ventral septal defect
2. overriding aorta due to VSD
QUESTIONS, ANSWERS & EXAM REVIEW
what is hypertension? - correct answer ✔✔high blood pressure
What is systole? - correct answer ✔✔Contraction of the heart
what is diastole? - correct answer ✔✔Relaxation of the heart
how do you read blood pressure? - correct answer ✔✔systolic/diastolic
t/f stress is linked to hypertension? - correct answer ✔✔TRUE
t/f hypertension has many clear signs when it is occurring in a patient? - correct answer ✔✔FALSE
What is orthostatic hypotension? - correct answer ✔✔drop in blood pressure due to change in position
What is deep vein thrombosis? - correct answer ✔✔clot in a big major vein
What is Virchow's triad? - correct answer ✔✔1. Venous stasis
2. Hypercoagulability
3. venous endothelial damage
what disease process is virchows triad associated with? - correct answer ✔✔deep vein thrombosis
what is an embolism? - correct answer ✔✔moving blood clot
why are venous emboli dangerous? - correct answer ✔✔they can travel to the lungs
why are cardiac emboli dangerous? - correct answer ✔✔can travel to the brain or heart (myocardial
infarction)
What is atherosclerosis? - correct answer ✔✔thickening of arteries due to plaque build up
Why is atherosclerosis dangerous? - correct answer ✔✔Because the heart muscle receives less blood
and oxygen and may lead to a heart attack
what is coronary artery disease? - correct answer ✔✔Any vascular disorder that narrows or occludes the
coronary arteries
what are some non-modifiable risk factors of CAD? - correct answer ✔✔- age
- positive family history
- male genotype
what are some modifiable risk factors of CAD? - correct answer ✔✔- smoking
- obesity
,- insulin resistance
- hypertension
- high cholesterol
what are the three main types of CAD? - correct answer ✔✔1. stable angina
2. unstable angina
3. myocardial infarction
What is stable angina? - correct answer ✔✔excerise induced chest pain relieved by rest
t/f stable angina is a medical emergency? - correct answer ✔✔FALSE
What is unstable angina? - correct answer ✔✔Chest pain that occurs at rest
t/f unstable angina is a medical emergency? - correct answer ✔✔TRUE
What is a myocardial infarction? - correct answer ✔✔heart attack
what kind of pain would a patient experience with a myocardial infarction? - correct answer ✔✔deep
aching organ pain
t?f women may have different symptoms of a myocardial infarction? - correct answer ✔✔TRUE
What is Takatsubo cardiomyopathy? - correct answer ✔✔broken heart syndrome
What is cardiomyopathy? - correct answer ✔✔disease of the heart muscle (myocardium)
What is dialated cardiomyopathy? - correct answer ✔✔ventricles become flabby and the myocardium
deteriorates.
What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? - correct answer ✔✔Too much growth in the heart muscles, or
"large heart"
What is restrictive cardiomyopathy? - correct answer ✔✔Decreased compliance of the ventricles
what are the two types of valvular disorders? - correct answer ✔✔stenosis and regurgitation
What is valvular stenosis? - correct answer ✔✔A narrowed, stiffened heart valve that does not open
fully
what is valvular regurgitation? - correct answer ✔✔Valve fails to shut completely resulting in backflow of
blood
What is heart failure? - correct answer ✔✔the inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to the
bodies tissue
what is another name for left heart failure? - correct answer ✔✔congestive heart failure
, what is another name for right heart failure? - correct answer ✔✔Cor pulmonale
what are the two types of left heart failure? - correct answer ✔✔1. Systolic left heart failure
2. Diastolic left heart failure
What is systolic heart failure? - correct answer ✔✔heart can't contract and eject
what is diastolic heart failure? - correct answer ✔✔ventricles can't relax and fill
what happens in right heart failure? - correct answer ✔✔Fluid backs up into venous circulation and
causes venous congestion and peripheral edema
what are clinical manifestations of left heart failure? - correct answer ✔✔- pulmonary edema
- dyspnea
- orthopnea
- frothy mucus w/ cough
what are the clinical manifestations of right heart failure? - correct answer ✔✔- fluid overload
- dependent edema
- hepatosplenomegaly
- ascites
- jugular venous distention
what are heart dysrhythmias? - correct answer ✔✔disturbances of the heart rhythm
what are some examples of heart dysrhythmias? - correct answer ✔✔- afib
- atrial flutter
- ventricular fibrillation
what is acute pericarditis? - correct answer ✔✔inflammation of the pericardium
what are the clinical manifestations of acute pericarditis? - correct answer ✔✔- systemic symptoms
- sudden onset chest pain
what is the common cause of acute pericarditis? - correct answer ✔✔viral or bacterial infections
What is cardiac tamponade? - correct answer ✔✔compression of the heart by an accumulation of fluid
in the pericardial sac
T/F: Cardiac tamponade is a medical emergency - correct answer ✔✔TRUE
What is patent ductus arteriosus? - correct answer ✔✔Failure of ductus arteriosus to close
which pediatric cardiac disease causes a machinery-like murmur? - correct answer ✔✔patent ductus
arteriosus
what are the 4 causes of tetralogy of fallot? - correct answer ✔✔1. large ventral septal defect
2. overriding aorta due to VSD
