NUR-641E FINAL EXAM 2026/2027 | ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY &
PHARMACOLOGY FOR THE NURSE EDUCATOR | GCU
What does pharmacokinetics involve? - correct answer ✔✔absorption, distribution, metabolism,
excretion
What is absorption? - correct answer ✔✔from the administration site either directly or indirectly into
the blood plasma
What is distribution? - correct answer ✔✔reversibly or irreversibly move from the bloodstream into the
interstitial and intracellular fluid
What is metabolism? - correct answer ✔✔Bio transformed via hepatic metabolism or by other tissues
What is elimination? - correct answer ✔✔The drug and it metabolites are eliminated from the body
What route of administration has the highest bioavailability? - correct answer ✔✔intravenous
Which route of administration avoid first-pass metabolism in the liver? - correct answer ✔✔intravenous
route
What administration route has variable and erractic absorption? - correct answer ✔✔rectal
When is a steady state of a drug reached? - correct answer ✔✔within 4-5 half-lives of a drug
What is important to know in regards to half-life? - correct answer ✔✔determines how frequently the
drug must be administered
Predicts how long toxic effects last
What does first-order (linear) pharmacoknetics mean? - correct answer ✔✔the metabolism is directly
proportional to the free concentration of the drug
What does zero-order (nonlinear) pharmacokinetics? - correct answer ✔✔a drug is metabolized at a
constant rate per unit time
What does the drug development proccess involve according to the FDA? - correct answer ✔✔discovery
preclinical research with animal testing
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
FDA review of the results to determine approval
Phase 4
What is phase one of drug development? - correct answer ✔✔Clinical research on healthy human
subjects to assess medication pharmacokinetics
,What is phase two of drug development? - correct answer ✔✔Clinical research in humans primarily for
medication safety usually in a population for which treatment is inteded
What is phase three of drug development? - correct answer ✔✔Clinical research in humans comparing
the new drug to accepted medications or placebo for efficacy and safety
What is phase four of drug development? - correct answer ✔✔Postmarketing study to identify adverse
effects not found in earlier clinical studies
What are the medication safety organizations? - correct answer ✔✔FDA
Institute for safe medication practices (ISMP)
JCAHO
What is the institute for safe medication practices? - correct answer ✔✔non-profit organization that
focuses on preventing medication errors and promoting safe medication practices
What is the institute of medicine? - correct answer ✔✔non-govermental nonprofit organization that
provides unbiased advice to policymakers and the public on matters of science, technology and health
What is joint commission? - correct answer ✔✔non-profit organization that accredits and certifies a
wide range of healthcare organizations and programs in the US and internationally
What is the NCC MERP? - correct answer ✔✔National Coordinating Council for Medication Error
Reporting and Prevention--> comprised of 27 leading national health care organizations thta collaborate
and cooperate to address medication errors
What is the FDA safe use intiative - correct answer ✔✔create and facilitate public and private
collaborations within healthcare community
What are the two basic types of adverse drug reactions? - correct answer ✔✔pharmacological and
idiosyncratic
85% to 90% of adverse drug reactions are what type? - correct answer ✔✔pharmacological
Are adverse drug reactions preventable? - correct answer ✔✔yes
where do adverse drug reactions occur? - correct answer ✔✔hospital or nursing home setting
what does adverse drug reactions include? - correct answer ✔✔med errors
adverse drug effects
allergic and idiosyncratic type reactions
Does the FDA mandate that ADRs are reported? - correct answer ✔✔no
What does polypharmacy involve? - correct answer ✔✔Multiple health care providers for care
usig multiple medications
using several pharmacies for prescription filling
, Types of angiotension converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIS) - correct answer ✔✔lisinopril
captopril
enalapril
ramipril
benazepril
fosinopril
How do ACEIS work? - correct answer ✔✔reduce blood pressure by suppressing the release of
angiotensin converting enzyme
What are the important side effects of ACE inhibitors - correct answer ✔✔cough
angioedema
What should you do if angioedema develops while on ACEI's? - correct answer ✔✔discontinue
medication
What are the angiotension II receptor blocking agents (ARBS) - correct answer ✔✔Candesartan
(Atacand)
Eprosartan (teveten)
Irbesartan (avapro)
losartan (cozaar)
telmisartan (micardis)
valsartan (diovan)
How do ARBs work? - correct answer ✔✔reduce blood pressure by blocking angiotensin II receptors
90% of cases of htn are? - correct answer ✔✔essential primary htn
What is secondary hypertension caused by? - correct answer ✔✔chonic renal failure
How can nitroglycerin be administered? - correct answer ✔✔IV
SL
topical ointment
transdermal patch
What are nitrates contraindicated with? - correct answer ✔✔PDE-5 inhibitors (sildenafil/vardenafil)
When there is coexisting heart failure in a patient, what is the antiarrythmic of choice? - correct answer
✔✔amiodarone
What happens with Alpha-1 adrenergic stimulation? - correct answer ✔✔vasoconstriction and increased
BP
What happens with Alpha-1 adrenergic blockade? - correct answer ✔✔vasodilation
reduced BP
Beta-1 adrenergic stimulation by beta agonists results in? - correct answer ✔✔increased heart rate
increased blood pressure
PHARMACOLOGY FOR THE NURSE EDUCATOR | GCU
What does pharmacokinetics involve? - correct answer ✔✔absorption, distribution, metabolism,
excretion
What is absorption? - correct answer ✔✔from the administration site either directly or indirectly into
the blood plasma
What is distribution? - correct answer ✔✔reversibly or irreversibly move from the bloodstream into the
interstitial and intracellular fluid
What is metabolism? - correct answer ✔✔Bio transformed via hepatic metabolism or by other tissues
What is elimination? - correct answer ✔✔The drug and it metabolites are eliminated from the body
What route of administration has the highest bioavailability? - correct answer ✔✔intravenous
Which route of administration avoid first-pass metabolism in the liver? - correct answer ✔✔intravenous
route
What administration route has variable and erractic absorption? - correct answer ✔✔rectal
When is a steady state of a drug reached? - correct answer ✔✔within 4-5 half-lives of a drug
What is important to know in regards to half-life? - correct answer ✔✔determines how frequently the
drug must be administered
Predicts how long toxic effects last
What does first-order (linear) pharmacoknetics mean? - correct answer ✔✔the metabolism is directly
proportional to the free concentration of the drug
What does zero-order (nonlinear) pharmacokinetics? - correct answer ✔✔a drug is metabolized at a
constant rate per unit time
What does the drug development proccess involve according to the FDA? - correct answer ✔✔discovery
preclinical research with animal testing
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
FDA review of the results to determine approval
Phase 4
What is phase one of drug development? - correct answer ✔✔Clinical research on healthy human
subjects to assess medication pharmacokinetics
,What is phase two of drug development? - correct answer ✔✔Clinical research in humans primarily for
medication safety usually in a population for which treatment is inteded
What is phase three of drug development? - correct answer ✔✔Clinical research in humans comparing
the new drug to accepted medications or placebo for efficacy and safety
What is phase four of drug development? - correct answer ✔✔Postmarketing study to identify adverse
effects not found in earlier clinical studies
What are the medication safety organizations? - correct answer ✔✔FDA
Institute for safe medication practices (ISMP)
JCAHO
What is the institute for safe medication practices? - correct answer ✔✔non-profit organization that
focuses on preventing medication errors and promoting safe medication practices
What is the institute of medicine? - correct answer ✔✔non-govermental nonprofit organization that
provides unbiased advice to policymakers and the public on matters of science, technology and health
What is joint commission? - correct answer ✔✔non-profit organization that accredits and certifies a
wide range of healthcare organizations and programs in the US and internationally
What is the NCC MERP? - correct answer ✔✔National Coordinating Council for Medication Error
Reporting and Prevention--> comprised of 27 leading national health care organizations thta collaborate
and cooperate to address medication errors
What is the FDA safe use intiative - correct answer ✔✔create and facilitate public and private
collaborations within healthcare community
What are the two basic types of adverse drug reactions? - correct answer ✔✔pharmacological and
idiosyncratic
85% to 90% of adverse drug reactions are what type? - correct answer ✔✔pharmacological
Are adverse drug reactions preventable? - correct answer ✔✔yes
where do adverse drug reactions occur? - correct answer ✔✔hospital or nursing home setting
what does adverse drug reactions include? - correct answer ✔✔med errors
adverse drug effects
allergic and idiosyncratic type reactions
Does the FDA mandate that ADRs are reported? - correct answer ✔✔no
What does polypharmacy involve? - correct answer ✔✔Multiple health care providers for care
usig multiple medications
using several pharmacies for prescription filling
, Types of angiotension converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIS) - correct answer ✔✔lisinopril
captopril
enalapril
ramipril
benazepril
fosinopril
How do ACEIS work? - correct answer ✔✔reduce blood pressure by suppressing the release of
angiotensin converting enzyme
What are the important side effects of ACE inhibitors - correct answer ✔✔cough
angioedema
What should you do if angioedema develops while on ACEI's? - correct answer ✔✔discontinue
medication
What are the angiotension II receptor blocking agents (ARBS) - correct answer ✔✔Candesartan
(Atacand)
Eprosartan (teveten)
Irbesartan (avapro)
losartan (cozaar)
telmisartan (micardis)
valsartan (diovan)
How do ARBs work? - correct answer ✔✔reduce blood pressure by blocking angiotensin II receptors
90% of cases of htn are? - correct answer ✔✔essential primary htn
What is secondary hypertension caused by? - correct answer ✔✔chonic renal failure
How can nitroglycerin be administered? - correct answer ✔✔IV
SL
topical ointment
transdermal patch
What are nitrates contraindicated with? - correct answer ✔✔PDE-5 inhibitors (sildenafil/vardenafil)
When there is coexisting heart failure in a patient, what is the antiarrythmic of choice? - correct answer
✔✔amiodarone
What happens with Alpha-1 adrenergic stimulation? - correct answer ✔✔vasoconstriction and increased
BP
What happens with Alpha-1 adrenergic blockade? - correct answer ✔✔vasodilation
reduced BP
Beta-1 adrenergic stimulation by beta agonists results in? - correct answer ✔✔increased heart rate
increased blood pressure
