NR507 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
COMPREHENSIVE EXAM PREP
1. Which cellular process involves the programmed cell death that is characterized by the
shrinkage of the cell, fragmentation of the nucleus, and phagocytosis by neighboring cells
without an inflammatory response?
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Liquefactive necrosis
D. Autophagy
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Apoptosis is a regulated process of programmed cell death that
prevents the release of harmful cellular contents into the extracellular space, thus avoiding
inflammation, unlike necrosis.
,2. A patient presents with a genetic disorder characterized by a mutation in the CFTR gene.
This condition follows which inheritance pattern?
A. Autosomal dominant
B. X-linked recessive
C. Autosomal recessive
D. Mitochondrial inheritance
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Cystic Fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder, meaning an
individual must inherit two copies of the mutated gene to manifest the disease.
3. In the context of Type I Hypersensitivity, which antibody isotype primarily binds to mast
cells and basophils?
A. IgG
B. IgM
C. IgE
D. IgA
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: IgE antibodies bind to high-affinity receptors on mast cells and
basophils; upon re-exposure to an allergen, cross-linking occurs, leading to degranulation.
, 4. Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the development of metabolic acidosis in a
patient with chronic renal failure?
A. Reduced excretion of hydrogen ions and decreased production of ammonia
B. Increased excretion of bicarbonate
C. Excessive loss of carbon dioxide via hyperventilation
D. Retention of sodium and water
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: In chronic renal failure, the kidneys fail to excrete metabolic
acids (like phosphoric and sulfuric acids) and cannot generate enough bicarbonate or
ammonia to buffer hydrogen ions.
5. Which type of shock is characterized by a significant decrease in systemic vascular
resistance (SVR) and an increase in cardiac output in its early stages?
A. Hypovolemic shock
B. Septic shock
C. Cardiogenic shock
D. Obstructive shock
Answer: B
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
COMPREHENSIVE EXAM PREP
1. Which cellular process involves the programmed cell death that is characterized by the
shrinkage of the cell, fragmentation of the nucleus, and phagocytosis by neighboring cells
without an inflammatory response?
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Liquefactive necrosis
D. Autophagy
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Apoptosis is a regulated process of programmed cell death that
prevents the release of harmful cellular contents into the extracellular space, thus avoiding
inflammation, unlike necrosis.
,2. A patient presents with a genetic disorder characterized by a mutation in the CFTR gene.
This condition follows which inheritance pattern?
A. Autosomal dominant
B. X-linked recessive
C. Autosomal recessive
D. Mitochondrial inheritance
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Cystic Fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder, meaning an
individual must inherit two copies of the mutated gene to manifest the disease.
3. In the context of Type I Hypersensitivity, which antibody isotype primarily binds to mast
cells and basophils?
A. IgG
B. IgM
C. IgE
D. IgA
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: IgE antibodies bind to high-affinity receptors on mast cells and
basophils; upon re-exposure to an allergen, cross-linking occurs, leading to degranulation.
, 4. Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the development of metabolic acidosis in a
patient with chronic renal failure?
A. Reduced excretion of hydrogen ions and decreased production of ammonia
B. Increased excretion of bicarbonate
C. Excessive loss of carbon dioxide via hyperventilation
D. Retention of sodium and water
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: In chronic renal failure, the kidneys fail to excrete metabolic
acids (like phosphoric and sulfuric acids) and cannot generate enough bicarbonate or
ammonia to buffer hydrogen ions.
5. Which type of shock is characterized by a significant decrease in systemic vascular
resistance (SVR) and an increase in cardiac output in its early stages?
A. Hypovolemic shock
B. Septic shock
C. Cardiogenic shock
D. Obstructive shock
Answer: B
