HCR 240 Final Actual Exam:300
Questions And Answers with
Solutions [Latest Update
2026/Verified/Already Graded A+]
1. The medical term for a “heart attack” is:
A. Angina pectoris
B. Myocardial infarction
C. Cardiac arrest
D. Cardiomyopathy
Answer: B. Myocardial infarction (MI) is the death of heart muscle
due to ischemia. Angina is chest pain without necrosis; cardiac
arrest is the cessation of a heartbeat; cardiomyopathy is a disease
of the heart muscle.
2. “Leukopenia” is defined as:
A. Increased white blood cells
B. Decreased white blood cells
C. Increased red blood cells
D. Decreased platelets
Answer: B. “Leuko-” (white) + “-penia” (deficiency) = abnormally
low white blood cell count. Leukocytosis is increased WBCs;
thrombocytopenia is low platelets.
3. The suffix “-scopy” means:
A. Cutting into
, B. Visual examination
C. Recording of data
D. Surgical repair
Answer: B. “-scopy” refers to visual examination using a scope
(e.g., colonoscopy, laparoscopy). “-otomy” is incision; “-graphy” is
recording; “-plasty” is surgical repair.
4. A patient with “hypertension” has:
A. Low blood pressure
B. High blood pressure
C. Normal blood pressure
D. Irregular heart rhythm
Answer: B. “Hyper-” (high/excessive) + “tension” (pressure) =
high blood pressure. Hypotension is low blood pressure;
arrhythmia is irregular rhythm.
5. The combining form “gastr/o” refers to:
A. Intestine
B. Stomach
C. Esophagus
D. Colon
Answer: B. “Gastr/o” means stomach. “Enter/o” means intestine;
“esophag/o” means esophagus; “col/o” means colon.
6. Which term is defined as "the microscopic study of tissue"?
A. Etiology
B. Histology
C. Pathognomonic
D. Cytology
Answer: B. Histology is the study of the microscopic structure of
tissues. It is a fundamental tool in pathology for diagnosing
disease.
,7. A clinician is trying to determine the cause of a patient's liver
disease. Which term describes the "cause of a disease"?
A. Pathogenesis
B. Diagnosis
C. Etiology
D. Prognosis
Answer: C. Etiology is the study of the cause or origin of a
disease. Identifying the etiology is the first step in understanding
and treating a condition.
8. Which statement is true regarding metastasis?
A. Metastatic cancer cells suppress proteases.
B. Most cancer cells are able to metastasize to new areas.
C. Metastasis is a complex process that requires cells to have
many new abilities, including the ability to invade, survive, and
proliferate in a new environment.
D. Metastasis is a highly efficient process.
Answer: C. Metastasis is a complex process that requires cells to
have many new abilities, including the ability to invade, survive,
and proliferate in a new environment.
9. Which statement regarding fever is true?
A. The temperature is being regulated to a higher level than
normal
B. Fever is a failure of the body's defense system.
C. The body's central thermostat is the pituitary gland.
D. Fever is a failure of the body to regulate temperature.
Answer: A. During a fever, the body's hypothalamic set point is
raised to a higher level, causing the body to maintain a higher
core temperature. It is a regulated, defensive response, not a
failure of regulation.
, 10. A woman has sustained a traumatic brain injury. She is able
to follow simple commands and can manipulate objects. Which
term describes this state?
A. Vegetative
B. Minimally conscious
C. Locked-in syndrome
D. Coma
Answer: B. The minimally conscious state is characterized by
inconsistent but definite evidence of awareness, such as following
simple commands, while a vegetative state shows no awareness.
Questions 11-20: Cellular Adaptation and Injury
11. A 55-year-old male has swelling of the feet. Which of the
following most likely aided in the development of this swelling?
A. Sodium and water retention
B. Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
C. Increased plasma proteins
D. Lymphatic obstruction
Answer: A. Sodium and water retention increases fluid volume
and hydrostatic pressure, contributing to edema (swelling).
12. A patient has a myocardial infarction (heart attack), leading
to progressive cell injury that causes cell death with severe cell
swelling and breakdown of organelles. What term defines this
process?
A. Necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
Answer: A. Necrosis is the term for pathologic cell death caused
Questions And Answers with
Solutions [Latest Update
2026/Verified/Already Graded A+]
1. The medical term for a “heart attack” is:
A. Angina pectoris
B. Myocardial infarction
C. Cardiac arrest
D. Cardiomyopathy
Answer: B. Myocardial infarction (MI) is the death of heart muscle
due to ischemia. Angina is chest pain without necrosis; cardiac
arrest is the cessation of a heartbeat; cardiomyopathy is a disease
of the heart muscle.
2. “Leukopenia” is defined as:
A. Increased white blood cells
B. Decreased white blood cells
C. Increased red blood cells
D. Decreased platelets
Answer: B. “Leuko-” (white) + “-penia” (deficiency) = abnormally
low white blood cell count. Leukocytosis is increased WBCs;
thrombocytopenia is low platelets.
3. The suffix “-scopy” means:
A. Cutting into
, B. Visual examination
C. Recording of data
D. Surgical repair
Answer: B. “-scopy” refers to visual examination using a scope
(e.g., colonoscopy, laparoscopy). “-otomy” is incision; “-graphy” is
recording; “-plasty” is surgical repair.
4. A patient with “hypertension” has:
A. Low blood pressure
B. High blood pressure
C. Normal blood pressure
D. Irregular heart rhythm
Answer: B. “Hyper-” (high/excessive) + “tension” (pressure) =
high blood pressure. Hypotension is low blood pressure;
arrhythmia is irregular rhythm.
5. The combining form “gastr/o” refers to:
A. Intestine
B. Stomach
C. Esophagus
D. Colon
Answer: B. “Gastr/o” means stomach. “Enter/o” means intestine;
“esophag/o” means esophagus; “col/o” means colon.
6. Which term is defined as "the microscopic study of tissue"?
A. Etiology
B. Histology
C. Pathognomonic
D. Cytology
Answer: B. Histology is the study of the microscopic structure of
tissues. It is a fundamental tool in pathology for diagnosing
disease.
,7. A clinician is trying to determine the cause of a patient's liver
disease. Which term describes the "cause of a disease"?
A. Pathogenesis
B. Diagnosis
C. Etiology
D. Prognosis
Answer: C. Etiology is the study of the cause or origin of a
disease. Identifying the etiology is the first step in understanding
and treating a condition.
8. Which statement is true regarding metastasis?
A. Metastatic cancer cells suppress proteases.
B. Most cancer cells are able to metastasize to new areas.
C. Metastasis is a complex process that requires cells to have
many new abilities, including the ability to invade, survive, and
proliferate in a new environment.
D. Metastasis is a highly efficient process.
Answer: C. Metastasis is a complex process that requires cells to
have many new abilities, including the ability to invade, survive,
and proliferate in a new environment.
9. Which statement regarding fever is true?
A. The temperature is being regulated to a higher level than
normal
B. Fever is a failure of the body's defense system.
C. The body's central thermostat is the pituitary gland.
D. Fever is a failure of the body to regulate temperature.
Answer: A. During a fever, the body's hypothalamic set point is
raised to a higher level, causing the body to maintain a higher
core temperature. It is a regulated, defensive response, not a
failure of regulation.
, 10. A woman has sustained a traumatic brain injury. She is able
to follow simple commands and can manipulate objects. Which
term describes this state?
A. Vegetative
B. Minimally conscious
C. Locked-in syndrome
D. Coma
Answer: B. The minimally conscious state is characterized by
inconsistent but definite evidence of awareness, such as following
simple commands, while a vegetative state shows no awareness.
Questions 11-20: Cellular Adaptation and Injury
11. A 55-year-old male has swelling of the feet. Which of the
following most likely aided in the development of this swelling?
A. Sodium and water retention
B. Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
C. Increased plasma proteins
D. Lymphatic obstruction
Answer: A. Sodium and water retention increases fluid volume
and hydrostatic pressure, contributing to edema (swelling).
12. A patient has a myocardial infarction (heart attack), leading
to progressive cell injury that causes cell death with severe cell
swelling and breakdown of organelles. What term defines this
process?
A. Necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
Answer: A. Necrosis is the term for pathologic cell death caused
