NURS 5315 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 2026-20…
P R O F E S S I O N A L P R A C T I C E M AT E R I A L S
NURS 5315 Advanced
Pathophysiology Exam 1
Questions & Answers 2026-
2027 | University of Texas at
Arlington
Verified Answers Exam Ready With Rationales 477 QUESTIONS
DOCUMENT OVERVIEW
This document provides 477 advanced pathophysiology questions, each accompanied by
its correct answer and explanatory details, including diagrams. It covers core concepts in
cellular adaptation and fluid balance within the human body. This resource is ideal for
students to study and review for their NURS 5315 course and certification examinations.
TOPICS
• Cellular Adaptation & Injury • Cellular Accumulations & Calcification
• Cellular Death & Necrosis • Metabolic Pathways & Disorders
• Biomarkers & Tumor Markers • Cancer Terminology & Staging
• Cancer Metastasis • TNM Staging System
• Fluid Compartments & Pressures • Fluid Balance & Osmolality
• Fluid Regulation Systems • Fluid Volume Imbalances
• Electrolyte Balance: Potassium • Acid-Base Balance: Overview
Page 1
,• Genetics Fundamentals • Cellular Injury Markers
• Acid-Base Balance: Respiratory • Acid-Base Balance: Metabolic
• Hypersensitivity Reactions • Immune-Mediated Disorders
E XA M Q U EST I O N S
Q1 QUESTION 1 OF 477
Atrophy
CORRECT ANSWER
E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation. Essentially there is an
increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles, reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use, blood supply,
nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
Q2 QUESTION 2 OF 477
Hyperplasia
CORRECT ANSWER
E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division) must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or partial resection; may
be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased hormonal stimulation
(endometrial). increase of production of local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or mammary gland
enlargement during pregnancy
Q3 QUESTION 3 OF 477
Dysplasia
Page 2
, CORRECT ANSWER
E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in size, shape, organization (classified as mild,
moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth. aka atypical
hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap smear, breast cancer
development; pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must undergo
laser/surgical tx
Q4 QUESTION 4 OF 477
Metaplasia
CORRECT ANSWER
E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury, or irritation; Cancer
can arise from this area, stimulus induces a reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of
cytokines and growth factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or normal ciliated
epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells.;
Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in
response to reflux, aka intestinal metaplasia
Q5 QUESTION 5 OF 477
Hypoxia injury
CORRECT ANSWER
E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases anaerobic
metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
Q6 QUESTION 6 OF 477
Free radical and ROS
Page 3
, CORRECT ANSWER
E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular
antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral
Sclerosis
Q7 QUESTION 7 OF 477
Ethanol
CORRECT ANSWER
E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation and fatty
infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure irreversible
Q8 QUESTION 8 OF 477
Oncosis
CORRECT ANSWER
Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in weight, becomes distended and
pale. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
Q9 QUESTION 9 OF 477
Fatty Infiltration
CORRECT ANSWER
intracellular accumulation of lipids in the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead to cirrhosis
Q10 QUESTION 10 OF 477
Hypertrophy
Page 4
P R O F E S S I O N A L P R A C T I C E M AT E R I A L S
NURS 5315 Advanced
Pathophysiology Exam 1
Questions & Answers 2026-
2027 | University of Texas at
Arlington
Verified Answers Exam Ready With Rationales 477 QUESTIONS
DOCUMENT OVERVIEW
This document provides 477 advanced pathophysiology questions, each accompanied by
its correct answer and explanatory details, including diagrams. It covers core concepts in
cellular adaptation and fluid balance within the human body. This resource is ideal for
students to study and review for their NURS 5315 course and certification examinations.
TOPICS
• Cellular Adaptation & Injury • Cellular Accumulations & Calcification
• Cellular Death & Necrosis • Metabolic Pathways & Disorders
• Biomarkers & Tumor Markers • Cancer Terminology & Staging
• Cancer Metastasis • TNM Staging System
• Fluid Compartments & Pressures • Fluid Balance & Osmolality
• Fluid Regulation Systems • Fluid Volume Imbalances
• Electrolyte Balance: Potassium • Acid-Base Balance: Overview
Page 1
,• Genetics Fundamentals • Cellular Injury Markers
• Acid-Base Balance: Respiratory • Acid-Base Balance: Metabolic
• Hypersensitivity Reactions • Immune-Mediated Disorders
E XA M Q U EST I O N S
Q1 QUESTION 1 OF 477
Atrophy
CORRECT ANSWER
E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation. Essentially there is an
increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles, reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use, blood supply,
nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
Q2 QUESTION 2 OF 477
Hyperplasia
CORRECT ANSWER
E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division) must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or partial resection; may
be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased hormonal stimulation
(endometrial). increase of production of local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or mammary gland
enlargement during pregnancy
Q3 QUESTION 3 OF 477
Dysplasia
Page 2
, CORRECT ANSWER
E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in size, shape, organization (classified as mild,
moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth. aka atypical
hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap smear, breast cancer
development; pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must undergo
laser/surgical tx
Q4 QUESTION 4 OF 477
Metaplasia
CORRECT ANSWER
E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury, or irritation; Cancer
can arise from this area, stimulus induces a reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of
cytokines and growth factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or normal ciliated
epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells.;
Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in
response to reflux, aka intestinal metaplasia
Q5 QUESTION 5 OF 477
Hypoxia injury
CORRECT ANSWER
E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases anaerobic
metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
Q6 QUESTION 6 OF 477
Free radical and ROS
Page 3
, CORRECT ANSWER
E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular
antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral
Sclerosis
Q7 QUESTION 7 OF 477
Ethanol
CORRECT ANSWER
E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation and fatty
infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure irreversible
Q8 QUESTION 8 OF 477
Oncosis
CORRECT ANSWER
Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in weight, becomes distended and
pale. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
Q9 QUESTION 9 OF 477
Fatty Infiltration
CORRECT ANSWER
intracellular accumulation of lipids in the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead to cirrhosis
Q10 QUESTION 10 OF 477
Hypertrophy
Page 4
