SCI 225 Pathophysiology Final Exam Comprehensive … 2026/2027 • Verified • Assured Grade A+
✓ VERIFIED • 2026/2027 UPDATE • 100% ACCURATE
SCI 225 Pathophysiology Final Exam Comprehensive Test
2026/2027 UPDATE |Nightingale College
ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS & VERIFIED ANSWERS
with Clear, Detailed Rationales
Document Type: Exam (Elaborations) / Study Guide
Institution: Nightingale College
Academic Year:
Total Questions: 50 Multiple Choice
Includes: Correct Answers + Rationales
Grade: A+ Assured
ASSURED GRADE A+
Exam (Elaborations) • Detailed Rationales Page 1
,SCI 225 Pathophysiology Final Exam Comprehensive … 2026/2027 • Verified • Assured Grade A+
Questions & Verified Answers
1. A patient with chronic hypertension exhibits thickening of the left ventricular wall. This
cellular adaptation is best described as:
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Hypertrophy
Answer: D
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells in response to mechanical stimuli or
increased workload, common in cardiac muscle exposed to chronic hypertension. Clear understanding
of this concept improves both test performance and everyday clinical judgment. Practice applying it to
short case scenarios to lock the idea in place. This knowledge supports safe care and helps the nurse
teach the client and family clearly and simply. Clear teaching improves cooperation and reduces
anxiety.
2. Which type of necrosis is most commonly associated with tuberculosis infections in the
lungs?
A. Caseous necrosis
B. Coagulative necrosis
C. Liquefactive necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
Answer: A
Rationale: Caseous necrosis is a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis, resulting in a
‘cheese-like’ appearance, characteristic of TB. Clear understanding of this concept improves both test
performance and everyday clinical judgment. Practice applying it to short case scenarios to lock the
idea in place. In practice, this guides the nurse to set priorities and protect the client from harm. Safety,
nutrition, and clear communication are frequent priorities.
Exam (Elaborations) • Detailed Rationales Page 2
, SCI 225 Pathophysiology Final Exam Comprehensive … 2026/2027 • Verified • Assured Grade A+
3. A patient presents with a pH of 7.25, PaCO2 of 55 mmHg, and HCO3 of 24 mEq/L. What is
the primary acid-base imbalance?
A. Metabolic Acidosis
B. Respiratory Acidosis
C. Metabolic Alkalosis
D. Respiratory Alkalosis
Answer: B
Rationale: A low pH (<7.35) indicates acidosis, and a high PaCO2 (>45) indicates a respiratory cause.
This knowledge supports safe care and helps the nurse teach the client and family clearly and simply.
Clear teaching improves cooperation and reduces anxiety. Exam questions often test whether you can
pick the most practical and safe choice for the client in real situations. Focus on what the nurse can
actually do right now.
4. Hypokalemia is most likely to cause which of the following changes on an
electrocardiogram (ECG)?
A. Peaked T waves
B. Shortened QT interval
C. Widened QRS complex
D. Presence of U waves
Answer: D
Rationale: Hypokalemia often results in the appearance of U waves and flattened T waves on an
ECG. Knowing the reason behind the correct answer makes it easier to rule out the wrong options
quickly. Look for the choice that protects the client and matches the priority need. Knowing the reason
behind the correct answer makes it easier to rule out the wrong options quickly. Look for the choice
that protects the client and matches the priority need.
Exam (Elaborations) • Detailed Rationales Page 3
✓ VERIFIED • 2026/2027 UPDATE • 100% ACCURATE
SCI 225 Pathophysiology Final Exam Comprehensive Test
2026/2027 UPDATE |Nightingale College
ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS & VERIFIED ANSWERS
with Clear, Detailed Rationales
Document Type: Exam (Elaborations) / Study Guide
Institution: Nightingale College
Academic Year:
Total Questions: 50 Multiple Choice
Includes: Correct Answers + Rationales
Grade: A+ Assured
ASSURED GRADE A+
Exam (Elaborations) • Detailed Rationales Page 1
,SCI 225 Pathophysiology Final Exam Comprehensive … 2026/2027 • Verified • Assured Grade A+
Questions & Verified Answers
1. A patient with chronic hypertension exhibits thickening of the left ventricular wall. This
cellular adaptation is best described as:
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Hypertrophy
Answer: D
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells in response to mechanical stimuli or
increased workload, common in cardiac muscle exposed to chronic hypertension. Clear understanding
of this concept improves both test performance and everyday clinical judgment. Practice applying it to
short case scenarios to lock the idea in place. This knowledge supports safe care and helps the nurse
teach the client and family clearly and simply. Clear teaching improves cooperation and reduces
anxiety.
2. Which type of necrosis is most commonly associated with tuberculosis infections in the
lungs?
A. Caseous necrosis
B. Coagulative necrosis
C. Liquefactive necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
Answer: A
Rationale: Caseous necrosis is a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis, resulting in a
‘cheese-like’ appearance, characteristic of TB. Clear understanding of this concept improves both test
performance and everyday clinical judgment. Practice applying it to short case scenarios to lock the
idea in place. In practice, this guides the nurse to set priorities and protect the client from harm. Safety,
nutrition, and clear communication are frequent priorities.
Exam (Elaborations) • Detailed Rationales Page 2
, SCI 225 Pathophysiology Final Exam Comprehensive … 2026/2027 • Verified • Assured Grade A+
3. A patient presents with a pH of 7.25, PaCO2 of 55 mmHg, and HCO3 of 24 mEq/L. What is
the primary acid-base imbalance?
A. Metabolic Acidosis
B. Respiratory Acidosis
C. Metabolic Alkalosis
D. Respiratory Alkalosis
Answer: B
Rationale: A low pH (<7.35) indicates acidosis, and a high PaCO2 (>45) indicates a respiratory cause.
This knowledge supports safe care and helps the nurse teach the client and family clearly and simply.
Clear teaching improves cooperation and reduces anxiety. Exam questions often test whether you can
pick the most practical and safe choice for the client in real situations. Focus on what the nurse can
actually do right now.
4. Hypokalemia is most likely to cause which of the following changes on an
electrocardiogram (ECG)?
A. Peaked T waves
B. Shortened QT interval
C. Widened QRS complex
D. Presence of U waves
Answer: D
Rationale: Hypokalemia often results in the appearance of U waves and flattened T waves on an
ECG. Knowing the reason behind the correct answer makes it easier to rule out the wrong options
quickly. Look for the choice that protects the client and matches the priority need. Knowing the reason
behind the correct answer makes it easier to rule out the wrong options quickly. Look for the choice
that protects the client and matches the priority need.
Exam (Elaborations) • Detailed Rationales Page 3
