& Durand) TEST 1 (ch 1-4)
2026/2027 Expert Verifed Ace
the Test
Bio-psychological dysfunction - ANSWER ✔✔"Harmful Dysfunction" -
Wakefield
Harmful: cultural values of distress, functional impairment, or what
behaviors lead to increased risk to organism or to death (social value
issue).
Dysfunction: mental function not working as it was intended to function.
Onset of disorder - ANSWER ✔✔Early: before age 21
, Late: 21 years and older
Acute: sudden
Insidious: develops over time
Research-practitioner role - ANSWER ✔✔Prominent model of
training prevalent today in the PhD clinical/counseling psychology
programs.
Biological tradition - ANSWER ✔✔Hippocrates: "balance theory of
personality" (sanguine, melancholic, calm, excitable)
Pasteur: 1870s; Germ Theory of Disease
Kraepelin: 1900s; biological causes of physical and mental illness
Gray: 1850; editor of American Journal of Insanity (psychiatry)
Cerletti & Beni: 1930s; electro-convulsive shock
1950s: major medicines introduced to treat severely mentally ill
Psychopathology - ANSWER ✔✔comes from inside the body issue.
Psychological tradition - ANSWER ✔✔Pinel: 1745 France
Tuke: 1732 England
Dorothea Dix: mid-19th century U.S.