QUALYS VMDR TRAINING STUDY GUIDE
2026 COMPLETE ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ When a patient has a clinical diagnosis of pericarditis:.
Answer: Pericardial effusion may not present on echo
⩥ In normal patients, most ventricular filling occurs:.
Answer: With atrial contraction
⩥ The patient you're examining has clear cut auscultatory and
angiographic evidence of or mitral prolapse, yet the resting
echocardiogram is normal. You should then do what?.
Answer: Echo the patient in the standing position
⩥ When does Tricuspid valve closure normally occurs?.
Answer: Less than .06 seconds after mitral valve closure
⩥ What is Kawasaki's disease?.
Answer: A condition that causes inflammation in the walls of some
blood vessels
⩥ What can Kawasaki's disease lead to ?.
,Answer: Coronary artery disease
⩥ A 2D echo shows increased wall thickness of ventricular walls but
normal left ventricular size. The myocardium has a speckled appearance,
what type of myopathy might be present?.
Answer: Infiltrative
⩥ What is infiltrative myopathy?.
Answer: Cardiac disease characterized by deposition of abnormal
substances within heart tissue that causes ventricular walls to develop
diastolic dysfunction.
⩥ What is congestive myopathy?.
Answer: AKA dilated cardiomyopathy. It's when the heart becomes
stretched and weakened and unable to pump effectively
⩥ What is ischemic myopathy?.
Answer: Occurs when heart muscle seems weakened. Can result from
coronary artery disease
⩥ What is hypertrophic obstructive myopathy?.
Answer: Thickening of ventricular walls.
* could affect mitral valve and cause regurgitation.
, * when muscles don't block blood flow but are thickened it's call "non-
obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy"
⩥ Which 2D views are best to image a discrete subaortic membrane?.
Answer: Apical 5 chamber
Apical long axis
⩥ What is discrete subaortic membrane?.
Answer: Leading cause of discrete subaortic stenosis which obstructs the
left ventricular outflow track
⩥ What is ostium secundum atrial septal defect?.
Answer: It's an abnormally large opening in the atrial septum at the site
of the foramen ovale
⩥ What is ostium premum?.
Answer: AKA endocardial cushion defect. It's a defect in the atrial
septum at the level of the tricuspid valve and the mitral valve. Affects
portion where the atrial septum meets ventricular septum.
* this is the most common congenital heart defect associated with Down
syndrome.
⩥ Premature opening of the pulmonary valve may be seen in ?.
Answer: Constrictive pericarditis
2026 COMPLETE ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ When a patient has a clinical diagnosis of pericarditis:.
Answer: Pericardial effusion may not present on echo
⩥ In normal patients, most ventricular filling occurs:.
Answer: With atrial contraction
⩥ The patient you're examining has clear cut auscultatory and
angiographic evidence of or mitral prolapse, yet the resting
echocardiogram is normal. You should then do what?.
Answer: Echo the patient in the standing position
⩥ When does Tricuspid valve closure normally occurs?.
Answer: Less than .06 seconds after mitral valve closure
⩥ What is Kawasaki's disease?.
Answer: A condition that causes inflammation in the walls of some
blood vessels
⩥ What can Kawasaki's disease lead to ?.
,Answer: Coronary artery disease
⩥ A 2D echo shows increased wall thickness of ventricular walls but
normal left ventricular size. The myocardium has a speckled appearance,
what type of myopathy might be present?.
Answer: Infiltrative
⩥ What is infiltrative myopathy?.
Answer: Cardiac disease characterized by deposition of abnormal
substances within heart tissue that causes ventricular walls to develop
diastolic dysfunction.
⩥ What is congestive myopathy?.
Answer: AKA dilated cardiomyopathy. It's when the heart becomes
stretched and weakened and unable to pump effectively
⩥ What is ischemic myopathy?.
Answer: Occurs when heart muscle seems weakened. Can result from
coronary artery disease
⩥ What is hypertrophic obstructive myopathy?.
Answer: Thickening of ventricular walls.
* could affect mitral valve and cause regurgitation.
, * when muscles don't block blood flow but are thickened it's call "non-
obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy"
⩥ Which 2D views are best to image a discrete subaortic membrane?.
Answer: Apical 5 chamber
Apical long axis
⩥ What is discrete subaortic membrane?.
Answer: Leading cause of discrete subaortic stenosis which obstructs the
left ventricular outflow track
⩥ What is ostium secundum atrial septal defect?.
Answer: It's an abnormally large opening in the atrial septum at the site
of the foramen ovale
⩥ What is ostium premum?.
Answer: AKA endocardial cushion defect. It's a defect in the atrial
septum at the level of the tricuspid valve and the mitral valve. Affects
portion where the atrial septum meets ventricular septum.
* this is the most common congenital heart defect associated with Down
syndrome.
⩥ Premature opening of the pulmonary valve may be seen in ?.
Answer: Constrictive pericarditis
