ETA CPP COMPREHENSIVE ANSWERS AND
QUESTIONS SET A+
✔✔Domain - ✔✔1. The independent variable used to express a function. Examples of
domains are time, frequency, and space. 2. In distributed networks, all the hardware
and software under the control of a specified set of one or more host processors. A
unique context (e.g., access control parameters) in which a program is operating; in
effect, the set of objects a subject has the privilege to access. (Source: Federal
Standard 1037C, Telecommunications: Glossary of Telecommunication Terms)
✔✔Domain Name - ✔✔The conventional Internet name for a network or computer
system, which consists of a sequence of two or more groups of characters separated by
periods; e.g., the ʺgovinst.comʺ groups of characters in the host name
ʺwww.govinst.com,ʺ where the ʺ.comʺ is the first‐level domain name (or top‐level domain
name), and the ʺgovinstʺ characters represent the second level. In the United States,
nonprofit organizations are identified (with exceptions) by the suffix ʺ.org,ʺ government
entities by ʺ.gov,ʺ educational institutions by ʺ.edu,ʺ commercial organizations by ʺ.com,ʺ
and military bodies by ʺ.mil.ʺ Outside of the United States, domain names contain an
ISO‐standard country code suffix to indicate the computer or network's country of origin.
(Source: Federal Standard 1037C, Telecommunications: Telecommunications: Glossary
of Telecommunication Terms)
✔✔Domain Name System (DNS) - ✔✔A general‐purpose data query service for looking
up host addresses based on host names. Important domains are .com (commercial),
.edu (educational), .net (network), .gov (government), .mil (U.S. military), and .org
(nonprofit organization).
✔✔Domestic Interchange - ✔✔Interchange of a transaction within the country of
issuance and acquisition.
✔✔Domestic Transaction - ✔✔A transaction in which the issuer and the acquirer of the
card used are located in the same transaction country.
,✔✔"Do Not Call Registry" - ✔✔A provision of the federal Telemarketing Sales Rule
announced in June 2003 that created a national registry to make it easier and more
efficient for U.S. consumers to stop receiving telemarketing calls.
✔✔Door Reader - ✔✔The device on a door that communicates with an ID card or
credential and sends data from the card to the control panel for decision on access
rights. An example is a card used in a university environment. (Source: Smart Card
Alliance)
✔✔Door Strike - ✔✔The electronic lock on each door that is connected to the control
panel. (Source: Smart Card Alliance)
✔✔Downline Load (DLL) - ✔✔The process of downloading a software application onto
a terminal.
✔✔Download - ✔✔To transfer a copy of a file residing on a remote computer to a userʹs
computer. In the world of electronic processing, this term refers to the passing of
programming information and parameters from a terminal driving processor to an
electronic data capture terminal. This transfer is typically accomplished by phone from a
computer program or by directly connecting a terminal to a computer or to another
already programmed terminal.
✔✔Downgrade - ✔✔The interchange downgrades that occur when a transaction does
not meet all of the criteria set forth by the card companies to qualify for the best possible
interchange rate. Visa and MasterCard examine each transaction as submitted and
qualify or downgrade it based on the set of criteria established and presented.
✔✔Down Time - ✔✔A period when all or part of a system or network is not available to
end users due to failure or maintenance.
✔✔Draft - ✔✔See Sales Receipt.
✔✔Draft Number - ✔✔See Transaction Receipt Number.
✔✔Draft Storage - ✔✔The storage of sales drafts after processing for possible future
reference or retrieval. The drafts can be stored at the processor, the acquirer, or the
merchant.
✔✔DSA - ✔✔See Digital Signature Algorithm.
✔✔DSE - ✔✔See Data Storage Entities.
✔✔DSL - ✔✔See Digital Subscriber Line.
,✔✔DSO - ✔✔See Days Outstanding.
✔✔Dual Dating - ✔✔The practice of embossing cards with valid from and expiration
dates as a fraud‐deterrent measure.
✔✔Dual Interface Card - ✔✔An ID card that has a single smart card chip with two
interfaces—contact and contactless—using shared memory and chip resources.
(Source: Smart Card Alliance)
✔✔Dual Interface Chip - ✔✔See Dual Interface Card.
✔✔Due Date - ✔✔The day a payment is due to the creditor.
✔✔Dues and Assessments - ✔✔To be an acquiring or issuing member of Visa and/or
MasterCard the financial institution must pay annual membership dues and quarterly
assessments. The dues are based on the asset size of the financial institution. The
assessments are based on the dollar size of the issuing portfolio or the dollar amount of
merchant sales transactions. Dues and assessments fund MasterCard and Visa
services and operations, including licensing, patents and copyrights, operating
regulations, national and international settlement and authorization systems, the
interchange network, product development, advertising and promotion, and risk
management services. Discover and American Express have similar assessments.
✔✔DUKPT - ✔✔See Derived Unique Key per Transaction.
✔✔Dun & Bradstreet (D&B) - ✔✔A United States-based for‐profit agency that furnishes
subscribers with marketing statistics and the financial standings and credit ratings of
businesses. It is used in risk management.
✔✔DUNS - ✔✔The number issued by Dun & Bradstreet to identify various companies,
originally for credit reporting and information purposes.
✔✔Dynamic Currency Conversion (DCC) - ✔✔The consumer's ability to transact the
price of a transaction in local currency in real time at the point of sale. This expedites
the transaction for the consumer, who then does not have to wait for receipt of the credit
card statement before the conversion amounts are known. It is a value‐added activity
for both merchant and consumer. Some T&E merchants offer to convert the transaction
into the cardholder's home currency. This means the merchant—and not the card
company—is converting the currency. If the merchant supports DCC, the card
companies require that the consumer is provided a meaningful choice at the point of
sale and have the right to buy the purchase in the local currency or home currency. The
card companies also require merchants offering this service to inform the consumer of
the exchange rate including any applicable commission being charged.
✔✔EBCDIC - ✔✔Acronym for the standard IBM mainframe computer character set.
, ✔✔EBIDS - ✔✔See Electronic Invoice Delivery Service.
✔✔EBITDA - ✔✔An accounting term referring to "earnings before interest, taxes,
depreciation, and amortization" but after all product/service, sales, and overhead costs
are accounted for. Sometimes referred to as operational cash flow, EBITDA is a
measure of a company's cash flow that can be compared to the enterprise value (the
total value of a firm's assets calculated by adding debt to market capitalization and
subtracting cash). Some analysts consider the ratio of enterprise value to EBITDA as
more useful than the price‐to‐earnings ratio.
✔✔EBPP (Electronic Bill Presentment & Payment) - ✔✔The process of paying a bill
online, e.g. with electronic banking products.
✔✔EBT (Electronic Benefits Transfer) - ✔✔The delivery of annuity and public
assistance benefits via the application of plastic card technology.
✔✔EC - ✔✔See Electronic Commerce.
✔✔E-Cash - ✔✔Abbreviation for electronic cash, or data representing money. The data
can be transferred by computer network and traded as token exchangeable for real
money. Also called digicash, digital cash.
✔✔ECA (Electronic Check Acceptance) - ✔✔The process of electronically submitting
and processing a paper check.
✔✔ECC (Electronic Check Conversion) - ✔✔See ECA
✔✔ECC (Elliptic Curve Cryptography) - ✔✔A type of security encryption used in the
development of smart cards. (Source: Smart Card Alliance)
✔✔E-Check - ✔✔The electronic equivalent of a paper check.
✔✔ECI - ✔✔See Electronic Commerce Indicator.
✔✔ECM (Excessive Chargeback Merchant) Merchant - ✔✔is defined as any distinct
merchant location, whether a merchant's physical location or a merchant's Internet site
or uniform resource locator (URL) that is uniquely identified by the acquirer in the
transaction record. If a merchant location has a CTR (chargeback‐to‐transaction ratio) in
excess of 50 basis points and at least 50 chargebacks in a calendar month, then
MasterCard considers the merchant a Chargeback‐Monitored Merchant (CMM). If a
merchant location has a CTR (chargeback‐to‐transaction ratio) of at least 100 basis
points and a minimum of 50 chargebacks in each of two consecutive calendar months
(the "trigger months"), then MasterCard considers the merchant an Excessive
Chargeback Merchant (ECM).
QUESTIONS SET A+
✔✔Domain - ✔✔1. The independent variable used to express a function. Examples of
domains are time, frequency, and space. 2. In distributed networks, all the hardware
and software under the control of a specified set of one or more host processors. A
unique context (e.g., access control parameters) in which a program is operating; in
effect, the set of objects a subject has the privilege to access. (Source: Federal
Standard 1037C, Telecommunications: Glossary of Telecommunication Terms)
✔✔Domain Name - ✔✔The conventional Internet name for a network or computer
system, which consists of a sequence of two or more groups of characters separated by
periods; e.g., the ʺgovinst.comʺ groups of characters in the host name
ʺwww.govinst.com,ʺ where the ʺ.comʺ is the first‐level domain name (or top‐level domain
name), and the ʺgovinstʺ characters represent the second level. In the United States,
nonprofit organizations are identified (with exceptions) by the suffix ʺ.org,ʺ government
entities by ʺ.gov,ʺ educational institutions by ʺ.edu,ʺ commercial organizations by ʺ.com,ʺ
and military bodies by ʺ.mil.ʺ Outside of the United States, domain names contain an
ISO‐standard country code suffix to indicate the computer or network's country of origin.
(Source: Federal Standard 1037C, Telecommunications: Telecommunications: Glossary
of Telecommunication Terms)
✔✔Domain Name System (DNS) - ✔✔A general‐purpose data query service for looking
up host addresses based on host names. Important domains are .com (commercial),
.edu (educational), .net (network), .gov (government), .mil (U.S. military), and .org
(nonprofit organization).
✔✔Domestic Interchange - ✔✔Interchange of a transaction within the country of
issuance and acquisition.
✔✔Domestic Transaction - ✔✔A transaction in which the issuer and the acquirer of the
card used are located in the same transaction country.
,✔✔"Do Not Call Registry" - ✔✔A provision of the federal Telemarketing Sales Rule
announced in June 2003 that created a national registry to make it easier and more
efficient for U.S. consumers to stop receiving telemarketing calls.
✔✔Door Reader - ✔✔The device on a door that communicates with an ID card or
credential and sends data from the card to the control panel for decision on access
rights. An example is a card used in a university environment. (Source: Smart Card
Alliance)
✔✔Door Strike - ✔✔The electronic lock on each door that is connected to the control
panel. (Source: Smart Card Alliance)
✔✔Downline Load (DLL) - ✔✔The process of downloading a software application onto
a terminal.
✔✔Download - ✔✔To transfer a copy of a file residing on a remote computer to a userʹs
computer. In the world of electronic processing, this term refers to the passing of
programming information and parameters from a terminal driving processor to an
electronic data capture terminal. This transfer is typically accomplished by phone from a
computer program or by directly connecting a terminal to a computer or to another
already programmed terminal.
✔✔Downgrade - ✔✔The interchange downgrades that occur when a transaction does
not meet all of the criteria set forth by the card companies to qualify for the best possible
interchange rate. Visa and MasterCard examine each transaction as submitted and
qualify or downgrade it based on the set of criteria established and presented.
✔✔Down Time - ✔✔A period when all or part of a system or network is not available to
end users due to failure or maintenance.
✔✔Draft - ✔✔See Sales Receipt.
✔✔Draft Number - ✔✔See Transaction Receipt Number.
✔✔Draft Storage - ✔✔The storage of sales drafts after processing for possible future
reference or retrieval. The drafts can be stored at the processor, the acquirer, or the
merchant.
✔✔DSA - ✔✔See Digital Signature Algorithm.
✔✔DSE - ✔✔See Data Storage Entities.
✔✔DSL - ✔✔See Digital Subscriber Line.
,✔✔DSO - ✔✔See Days Outstanding.
✔✔Dual Dating - ✔✔The practice of embossing cards with valid from and expiration
dates as a fraud‐deterrent measure.
✔✔Dual Interface Card - ✔✔An ID card that has a single smart card chip with two
interfaces—contact and contactless—using shared memory and chip resources.
(Source: Smart Card Alliance)
✔✔Dual Interface Chip - ✔✔See Dual Interface Card.
✔✔Due Date - ✔✔The day a payment is due to the creditor.
✔✔Dues and Assessments - ✔✔To be an acquiring or issuing member of Visa and/or
MasterCard the financial institution must pay annual membership dues and quarterly
assessments. The dues are based on the asset size of the financial institution. The
assessments are based on the dollar size of the issuing portfolio or the dollar amount of
merchant sales transactions. Dues and assessments fund MasterCard and Visa
services and operations, including licensing, patents and copyrights, operating
regulations, national and international settlement and authorization systems, the
interchange network, product development, advertising and promotion, and risk
management services. Discover and American Express have similar assessments.
✔✔DUKPT - ✔✔See Derived Unique Key per Transaction.
✔✔Dun & Bradstreet (D&B) - ✔✔A United States-based for‐profit agency that furnishes
subscribers with marketing statistics and the financial standings and credit ratings of
businesses. It is used in risk management.
✔✔DUNS - ✔✔The number issued by Dun & Bradstreet to identify various companies,
originally for credit reporting and information purposes.
✔✔Dynamic Currency Conversion (DCC) - ✔✔The consumer's ability to transact the
price of a transaction in local currency in real time at the point of sale. This expedites
the transaction for the consumer, who then does not have to wait for receipt of the credit
card statement before the conversion amounts are known. It is a value‐added activity
for both merchant and consumer. Some T&E merchants offer to convert the transaction
into the cardholder's home currency. This means the merchant—and not the card
company—is converting the currency. If the merchant supports DCC, the card
companies require that the consumer is provided a meaningful choice at the point of
sale and have the right to buy the purchase in the local currency or home currency. The
card companies also require merchants offering this service to inform the consumer of
the exchange rate including any applicable commission being charged.
✔✔EBCDIC - ✔✔Acronym for the standard IBM mainframe computer character set.
, ✔✔EBIDS - ✔✔See Electronic Invoice Delivery Service.
✔✔EBITDA - ✔✔An accounting term referring to "earnings before interest, taxes,
depreciation, and amortization" but after all product/service, sales, and overhead costs
are accounted for. Sometimes referred to as operational cash flow, EBITDA is a
measure of a company's cash flow that can be compared to the enterprise value (the
total value of a firm's assets calculated by adding debt to market capitalization and
subtracting cash). Some analysts consider the ratio of enterprise value to EBITDA as
more useful than the price‐to‐earnings ratio.
✔✔EBPP (Electronic Bill Presentment & Payment) - ✔✔The process of paying a bill
online, e.g. with electronic banking products.
✔✔EBT (Electronic Benefits Transfer) - ✔✔The delivery of annuity and public
assistance benefits via the application of plastic card technology.
✔✔EC - ✔✔See Electronic Commerce.
✔✔E-Cash - ✔✔Abbreviation for electronic cash, or data representing money. The data
can be transferred by computer network and traded as token exchangeable for real
money. Also called digicash, digital cash.
✔✔ECA (Electronic Check Acceptance) - ✔✔The process of electronically submitting
and processing a paper check.
✔✔ECC (Electronic Check Conversion) - ✔✔See ECA
✔✔ECC (Elliptic Curve Cryptography) - ✔✔A type of security encryption used in the
development of smart cards. (Source: Smart Card Alliance)
✔✔E-Check - ✔✔The electronic equivalent of a paper check.
✔✔ECI - ✔✔See Electronic Commerce Indicator.
✔✔ECM (Excessive Chargeback Merchant) Merchant - ✔✔is defined as any distinct
merchant location, whether a merchant's physical location or a merchant's Internet site
or uniform resource locator (URL) that is uniquely identified by the acquirer in the
transaction record. If a merchant location has a CTR (chargeback‐to‐transaction ratio) in
excess of 50 basis points and at least 50 chargebacks in a calendar month, then
MasterCard considers the merchant a Chargeback‐Monitored Merchant (CMM). If a
merchant location has a CTR (chargeback‐to‐transaction ratio) of at least 100 basis
points and a minimum of 50 chargebacks in each of two consecutive calendar months
(the "trigger months"), then MasterCard considers the merchant an Excessive
Chargeback Merchant (ECM).
