WGU D426 V3 DATA MANAGEMENT
FOUNDATIONS OA MASTER STUDY
GUIDE
1. A database table is in Second Normal Form (2NF). Which condition must be met for it to
advance to Third Normal Form (3NF)?
A. All non-key attributes must be functional dependent on the entire primary key.
B. There must be no transitive dependencies where a non-key attribute determines
another non-key attribute.
C. There must be no partial functional dependencies.
D. The table must contain no multi-valued attributes or repeating groups.
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: 3NF requires that a table is in 2NF and has no transitive
dependencies. A transitive dependency occurs when a non-key attribute depends on
another non-key attribute rather than directly on the primary key.
2. Which SQL clause is used to filter the results of an aggregate function after the rows have
been grouped?
A. HAVING
,B. WHERE
C. ORDER BY
D. GROUP BY
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: The HAVING clause is specifically designed to filter groups
created by the GROUP BY clause based on aggregate calculations, whereas WHERE filters
individual rows before grouping.
3. In an Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD) using Crow’s Foot notation, what does a dashed
line between two entities typically represent?
A. A non-identifying relationship.
B. A strong relationship.
C. An identifying relationship.
D. A recursive relationship.
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: A dashed line indicates a non-identifying relationship, meaning
the child entity’s primary key does not include the parent’s primary key. A solid line
indicates an identifying relationship.
, 4. Which type of key is a minimal set of attributes that uniquely identifies a tuple within a
relation, but is not necessarily selected as the primary key?
A. Candidate Key
B. Composite Key
C. Foreign Key
D. Superkey
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: A candidate key is a minimal superkey. While multiple candidate
keys may exist, only one is chosen as the primary key; the others are known as alternate
keys.
5. What is the primary difference between the DELETE and TRUNCATE commands in SQL?
A. DELETE removes specific rows based on a condition, while TRUNCATE removes all rows
and resets identity seeds.
B. DELETE is a DDL command, while TRUNCATE is a DML command.
C. TRUNCATE can be rolled back, but DELETE cannot.
D. DELETE is faster than TRUNCATE because it does not log individual row deletions.
Answer: A
FOUNDATIONS OA MASTER STUDY
GUIDE
1. A database table is in Second Normal Form (2NF). Which condition must be met for it to
advance to Third Normal Form (3NF)?
A. All non-key attributes must be functional dependent on the entire primary key.
B. There must be no transitive dependencies where a non-key attribute determines
another non-key attribute.
C. There must be no partial functional dependencies.
D. The table must contain no multi-valued attributes or repeating groups.
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: 3NF requires that a table is in 2NF and has no transitive
dependencies. A transitive dependency occurs when a non-key attribute depends on
another non-key attribute rather than directly on the primary key.
2. Which SQL clause is used to filter the results of an aggregate function after the rows have
been grouped?
A. HAVING
,B. WHERE
C. ORDER BY
D. GROUP BY
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: The HAVING clause is specifically designed to filter groups
created by the GROUP BY clause based on aggregate calculations, whereas WHERE filters
individual rows before grouping.
3. In an Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD) using Crow’s Foot notation, what does a dashed
line between two entities typically represent?
A. A non-identifying relationship.
B. A strong relationship.
C. An identifying relationship.
D. A recursive relationship.
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: A dashed line indicates a non-identifying relationship, meaning
the child entity’s primary key does not include the parent’s primary key. A solid line
indicates an identifying relationship.
, 4. Which type of key is a minimal set of attributes that uniquely identifies a tuple within a
relation, but is not necessarily selected as the primary key?
A. Candidate Key
B. Composite Key
C. Foreign Key
D. Superkey
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: A candidate key is a minimal superkey. While multiple candidate
keys may exist, only one is chosen as the primary key; the others are known as alternate
keys.
5. What is the primary difference between the DELETE and TRUNCATE commands in SQL?
A. DELETE removes specific rows based on a condition, while TRUNCATE removes all rows
and resets identity seeds.
B. DELETE is a DDL command, while TRUNCATE is a DML command.
C. TRUNCATE can be rolled back, but DELETE cannot.
D. DELETE is faster than TRUNCATE because it does not log individual row deletions.
Answer: A
