NCC EFM COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE
2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◍ In the biophysical profile (BPP), the chronic marker for placental
dysfunction is.
Answer: fetal tone
◍ What does the tocodynamometer measure?.
Answer: detects change in shape of uterine wall
◍ ID cord gas interpretation:pH 7.04PCO2 80BE 4.
Answer: Respiratory Acidosis
◍ The fetal heart rate pattern shown has been ongoing for 12 minutes. The
next step to determine the baseline is to.
Answer: review the previous 10 minutes of the tracing
◍ Initial treatment for recurrent late decelerations with moderate variability
during the first stage of labor is.
Answer: maternal repositioning
◍ FHR pattern likely to develop with severe fetal anemia.
Answer: sinusoidal
◍ Umbilcal Artery Doppler Velocimetry.
Answer: Noninvasive technique used to assess vascular resistance to blood
flow in the placenta- most useful for monitoring early onset growth
restriction d/t uteroplacental insufficiency (IUGR)- Reverse end diastolic
flow = SEVERE
◍ IUPC works by.
Answer: converts pressure placed on catheter tip to mmHg
,◍ Early decelerations associated with.
Answer: -vagal stimulation/reflex and head compressionfetal head
compression = altered cerebral blood flow= vagal reflex and cardiac slowing
◍ Placental Changes Causal of Decreased Uteroplacental Blood Flow.
Answer: Degenerative (maternal HTN, diabetes, nicotine use, prolonged
pregnancy), Infection (chorioamnionitis), Edema (hydrops fetalis),
Decreased surface area (abruptio placenta, small placenta, infarcts)
◍ Your patient receives an epidural, 10 minutes later you see recurrent lates
and the patient is hypotensive. What medication can be given by the CRNA
with what expected reaction from fetus?.
Answer: ephedrine, decelerations resolve and variability returns
◍ What do accelerations in the FHR correlate with?.
Answer: pH of 7.19 or greater (no metabolic acidosis at the time of tracing)
◍ Umbilical Artery Cord Gas Normal Values.
Answer: pH 7.20-7.29 > or equal to 7.10PCO2 49-56 <60HCO3 22-24 >22
(not super relevant)BE (absolute value) >-12
◍ Ductus Arteriosus.
Answer: mixed blood is ejected through the pulmonary artery and the ductus
arteriosus to reach descending aorta
◍ The most commonly cited source of adverse outcome during labor is.
Answer: communication failure
◍ What can spontaneous FHR accelerations be indicative of?.
Answer: neurologic integrity
◍ Late Deceleration.
Answer: -visually apparent usually symmetrical gradual decrease and return
of FHR associated with ctx-Deceleration is delayed in timing, with the nadir
of the deceleration occurring after the peak of the contraction-In most cases,
the onset, nadir, and recovery of the deceleration occur after the beginning,
peak, and ending of the contraction
, ◍ A likely cause of fetal tachycardia with moderate variability in a term fetus
is.
Answer: maternal fever
◍ Normal FHR baseline 110-160.
Answer: 110-1160bpm
◍ Baseline FHR variability is classified as.
Answer: absent, minimal, moderate, or marked
◍ A patient at 30 weeks gestation with monochorionic-monoamniotic twins
presents to the labor triage for monitoring. What would the clinical expect to
see on the fetal monitor tracing.
Answer: variable decelerations
◍ Which of the following terms refers to the decelerations occurring with less
than 50% of ctx?.
Answer: intermittent
◍ The progressive decrease in fetal heart rate baseline as gestation advances is
considered to be a result of maturation of the.
Answer: parasympathetic nervous system
◍ Prolonged Deceleration.
Answer: -visually apparent decrease in the FHR below the
baseline-Decrease in FHR from baseline that is 15 bpm or more lasting 2
minutes or more, but less than 10 min in duration-If a deceleration lasts 10
min or longer = baseline change
◍ Tachycardia as fetal recovery from a proloinged deceleration from fetal
hypoxemia is d/t ?.
Answer: increased catecholamine response
◍ In any 10-minute segment of FHR tracing, the minimum baseline duration
must be atleast.
Answer: 2 minutes
◍ Fetal Oxygenation Pathway for Maternal-Fetal Exchange.
2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◍ In the biophysical profile (BPP), the chronic marker for placental
dysfunction is.
Answer: fetal tone
◍ What does the tocodynamometer measure?.
Answer: detects change in shape of uterine wall
◍ ID cord gas interpretation:pH 7.04PCO2 80BE 4.
Answer: Respiratory Acidosis
◍ The fetal heart rate pattern shown has been ongoing for 12 minutes. The
next step to determine the baseline is to.
Answer: review the previous 10 minutes of the tracing
◍ Initial treatment for recurrent late decelerations with moderate variability
during the first stage of labor is.
Answer: maternal repositioning
◍ FHR pattern likely to develop with severe fetal anemia.
Answer: sinusoidal
◍ Umbilcal Artery Doppler Velocimetry.
Answer: Noninvasive technique used to assess vascular resistance to blood
flow in the placenta- most useful for monitoring early onset growth
restriction d/t uteroplacental insufficiency (IUGR)- Reverse end diastolic
flow = SEVERE
◍ IUPC works by.
Answer: converts pressure placed on catheter tip to mmHg
,◍ Early decelerations associated with.
Answer: -vagal stimulation/reflex and head compressionfetal head
compression = altered cerebral blood flow= vagal reflex and cardiac slowing
◍ Placental Changes Causal of Decreased Uteroplacental Blood Flow.
Answer: Degenerative (maternal HTN, diabetes, nicotine use, prolonged
pregnancy), Infection (chorioamnionitis), Edema (hydrops fetalis),
Decreased surface area (abruptio placenta, small placenta, infarcts)
◍ Your patient receives an epidural, 10 minutes later you see recurrent lates
and the patient is hypotensive. What medication can be given by the CRNA
with what expected reaction from fetus?.
Answer: ephedrine, decelerations resolve and variability returns
◍ What do accelerations in the FHR correlate with?.
Answer: pH of 7.19 or greater (no metabolic acidosis at the time of tracing)
◍ Umbilical Artery Cord Gas Normal Values.
Answer: pH 7.20-7.29 > or equal to 7.10PCO2 49-56 <60HCO3 22-24 >22
(not super relevant)BE (absolute value) >-12
◍ Ductus Arteriosus.
Answer: mixed blood is ejected through the pulmonary artery and the ductus
arteriosus to reach descending aorta
◍ The most commonly cited source of adverse outcome during labor is.
Answer: communication failure
◍ What can spontaneous FHR accelerations be indicative of?.
Answer: neurologic integrity
◍ Late Deceleration.
Answer: -visually apparent usually symmetrical gradual decrease and return
of FHR associated with ctx-Deceleration is delayed in timing, with the nadir
of the deceleration occurring after the peak of the contraction-In most cases,
the onset, nadir, and recovery of the deceleration occur after the beginning,
peak, and ending of the contraction
, ◍ A likely cause of fetal tachycardia with moderate variability in a term fetus
is.
Answer: maternal fever
◍ Normal FHR baseline 110-160.
Answer: 110-1160bpm
◍ Baseline FHR variability is classified as.
Answer: absent, minimal, moderate, or marked
◍ A patient at 30 weeks gestation with monochorionic-monoamniotic twins
presents to the labor triage for monitoring. What would the clinical expect to
see on the fetal monitor tracing.
Answer: variable decelerations
◍ Which of the following terms refers to the decelerations occurring with less
than 50% of ctx?.
Answer: intermittent
◍ The progressive decrease in fetal heart rate baseline as gestation advances is
considered to be a result of maturation of the.
Answer: parasympathetic nervous system
◍ Prolonged Deceleration.
Answer: -visually apparent decrease in the FHR below the
baseline-Decrease in FHR from baseline that is 15 bpm or more lasting 2
minutes or more, but less than 10 min in duration-If a deceleration lasts 10
min or longer = baseline change
◍ Tachycardia as fetal recovery from a proloinged deceleration from fetal
hypoxemia is d/t ?.
Answer: increased catecholamine response
◍ In any 10-minute segment of FHR tracing, the minimum baseline duration
must be atleast.
Answer: 2 minutes
◍ Fetal Oxygenation Pathway for Maternal-Fetal Exchange.
