BIOS 256 EXAM 3 CHAMBERLAIN (Latest 2026/ 2027) Questions and Answers (Verified Answers

BIOS 256 EXAM 3 CHAMBERLAIN (Latest 2026/ 2027) Questions and Answers (Verified Answers aldosterone plays a primary role in _____ - ANSWER -adjusting sodium excretion what is hypotension - ANSWER -low blood pressure what does hypotension stimulate? - ANSWER -secretion of renin what does renin stimulate? - ANSWER -secretion of angiotensin what does angiotensin stimulate? - ANSWER -secretion of aldosterone what does aldosterone increase? - ANSWER -Na+/H2O reabsorption and K+ secretion what stimulates secretion of aldosterone? - ANSWER -low Na+, high K+, angiotensin (from low bp) how much sodium do adults need a day? - ANSWER -0.5 g how much sodium does the average american diet contain? - ANSWER -3-7 g/day what is alkalosis? - ANSWER -pH above 7.45 what happens during alkalosis? - ANSWER -H+ diffuses out of the cells and K+ diffuses in during alkalosis, membrane ____ occurs which leads to the nerves being overstimulated - ANSWER -depolarization a person will not live if the pH is below ___ or ___ - ANSWER -7.0, 7.7 what is acidosis? - ANSWER -pH below 7.35 what happens during acidosis? - ANSWER -H+ diffuses into cells and K+ diffuses out (elevates K+ in ECF) during acidosis, membrane ____ occurs which make nerves hard to stimualte - ANSWER -hyperpolarization what is normal pH? - ANSWER -7.35-7.45 what is pH determined by? - ANSWER -hydrogen ions what is a buffer? - ANSWER -mechanisms that resist changes in pH buffer convert ____ acids and bases to ___ ones - ANSWER -strong, weak what do physiological buffers do? - ANSWER -stabilizes pH by controlling the body's output of acids, bases, or CO2 how long does urinary compensation take? - ANSWER -hours/days how long does respiratory compensation take? - ANSWER -minutes does urinary or respiratory compensation alter the pH more? - ANSWER -urinary what is a chemical buffer? - ANSWER -substance that binds H+ and removes it from solution as its concentration begins to rise how long does it take for chemical buffer systems to restore pH? - ANSWER fraction of a second what are the 3 major chemical buffers in the body? - ANSWER -bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein what is the most abundant buffer in the ICF/blood plasma? - ANSWER -protein buffer system what is respiratory acidosis? - ANSWER -abnormally high CO2 in systemic arterial blood (about 45 mmHg) what is hypercapnia - ANSWER -too much CO2 a build up of CO2 causes the pH to ___ making it ___ - ANSWER -decrease, acidic during respiratory acidosis, the ___ will not be able to remove the CO2 produced - ANSWER -lungs what is respiratory alkalosis? - ANSWER -abnormally low CO2 in systemic arterial blood (below 35 mmHg) not enough CO2 causes the pH to ____ and become ___ - ANSWER -rise, alkaline what can respiratory alkalosis be caused by? - ANSWER -hyperventilation how does hyperventilation cause respiratory alkalosis? - ANSWER -breathing too fast causes a drop in CO2 levels how does the excretion of hydrogen ions by the kidneys control blood pH? - ANSWER -kidneys neutralize more acid/base than the respiratory system (if acid is too high, kidneys secrete more H+ to raise pH) what happens when you hold your breath? - ANSWER -body cannot release CO2 which causes a buildup in the blood (hypercapnia) holding your breath causes ___ - ANSWER -respiratory acidosis holding your breath = ___ pH - ANSWER -lower how does type 1 diabetes affect blood pH? - ANSWER -buildup of ketones causes the blood to become too acidic (low pH) type 1 diabetes results in ___ - ANSWER -metabolic acidosis type 1 diabetes = __ pH - ANSWER -lower ovaries are homologous to the - ANSWER -testes the ovum is homologous to the - ANSWER -sperm