ESOL GACE ANSWERS AND QUESTIONS SET A+
✔✔Consonant Blend - ✔✔A combination of 2 or more consonants into a single sound.
st, gl, dr
✔✔Dipthong - ✔✔A single but shifting sound made by the combination of two or more
vowels. oi in boil is pronounced first as /oy/ and then as a short /u/. so essentially, boil =
boy ull
✔✔Culture - ✔✔a comprehensive style of living that is developed in a society and
maintained from generation to generation
✔✔Material Culture - ✔✔the set of all the physical objects which the people of that
society have either created or to which they assign cultural meaning
✔✔Nonmaterial Culture - ✔✔All of society's customs, beliefs, political structures,
languages and ways of using material objects
✔✔Cultural Cooperation - ✔✔an agreement between two parties to work together
towards a common goal; typically referring to short term goals which can be pursued
without altering ones beliefs or values
✔✔Cultural Accommodation - ✔✔an agreement between two conflicting cultures to
acknowledge but ignore their differences and try to work together toward common goals
✔✔Cultural Assimilation - ✔✔the process whereby individuals are absorbed into a
particular society after having been members of a different one
✔✔Culture values - ✔✔a culture's highest ideals. for example, freedom and equality in
the US
✔✔Cultural Sanctions - ✔✔Any rewards or consequences given to an individual or
group to pursue or renounce a certain course of behavior
, ✔✔Cultural Norms - ✔✔specific rules regulating behavior in a culture
✔✔Formal Norms - ✔✔written laws, for example the prohibition of murder
✔✔Informal Norms - ✔✔unwritten codes of conduct, for example the prohibition of
spitting in public
✔✔Social Marker - ✔✔any part of behavior that indicates the identity, character or way
of understanding a particular group of people. they can be laws, folkways, traditions or
other patterns of behavior
✔✔Laws - ✔✔social norms that have been made explicit and are enforced by the
government
✔✔Folkways - ✔✔social norms that have become habitual or traditional in a society. for
example, tipping a waiter
✔✔Subcultures - ✔✔smaller cultures within a large culture
✔✔Reference groups - ✔✔those groups to which individuals aspire to compare
themselves and against which one evaluates one's own qualities
✔✔Dominant Culture - ✔✔the group whose norms, values and behavior patterns are
forced on the rest of the society
✔✔Ethnocentrism - ✔✔the tendency to view one's own cultural patterns as superior and
to judge all others only as they relate to one's own
✔✔Cultural Relativism - ✔✔the idea that any particular part of a given culture can only
be understood in relation to the rest of the culture, and as a product of its context
✔✔Cultural Progress - ✔✔the idea that social and technological progress is inevitable
✔✔Cultural Lag - ✔✔when a change in one part of society is not immediately answered
by corresponding changes in the other parts
✔✔Diffusion - ✔✔the process by which technological, political and social innovations
spread from one society to another
✔✔Syncretism - ✔✔the conscious adopting of cultural elements of a dominant group by
a subordinate group
✔✔Consonant Blend - ✔✔A combination of 2 or more consonants into a single sound.
st, gl, dr
✔✔Dipthong - ✔✔A single but shifting sound made by the combination of two or more
vowels. oi in boil is pronounced first as /oy/ and then as a short /u/. so essentially, boil =
boy ull
✔✔Culture - ✔✔a comprehensive style of living that is developed in a society and
maintained from generation to generation
✔✔Material Culture - ✔✔the set of all the physical objects which the people of that
society have either created or to which they assign cultural meaning
✔✔Nonmaterial Culture - ✔✔All of society's customs, beliefs, political structures,
languages and ways of using material objects
✔✔Cultural Cooperation - ✔✔an agreement between two parties to work together
towards a common goal; typically referring to short term goals which can be pursued
without altering ones beliefs or values
✔✔Cultural Accommodation - ✔✔an agreement between two conflicting cultures to
acknowledge but ignore their differences and try to work together toward common goals
✔✔Cultural Assimilation - ✔✔the process whereby individuals are absorbed into a
particular society after having been members of a different one
✔✔Culture values - ✔✔a culture's highest ideals. for example, freedom and equality in
the US
✔✔Cultural Sanctions - ✔✔Any rewards or consequences given to an individual or
group to pursue or renounce a certain course of behavior
, ✔✔Cultural Norms - ✔✔specific rules regulating behavior in a culture
✔✔Formal Norms - ✔✔written laws, for example the prohibition of murder
✔✔Informal Norms - ✔✔unwritten codes of conduct, for example the prohibition of
spitting in public
✔✔Social Marker - ✔✔any part of behavior that indicates the identity, character or way
of understanding a particular group of people. they can be laws, folkways, traditions or
other patterns of behavior
✔✔Laws - ✔✔social norms that have been made explicit and are enforced by the
government
✔✔Folkways - ✔✔social norms that have become habitual or traditional in a society. for
example, tipping a waiter
✔✔Subcultures - ✔✔smaller cultures within a large culture
✔✔Reference groups - ✔✔those groups to which individuals aspire to compare
themselves and against which one evaluates one's own qualities
✔✔Dominant Culture - ✔✔the group whose norms, values and behavior patterns are
forced on the rest of the society
✔✔Ethnocentrism - ✔✔the tendency to view one's own cultural patterns as superior and
to judge all others only as they relate to one's own
✔✔Cultural Relativism - ✔✔the idea that any particular part of a given culture can only
be understood in relation to the rest of the culture, and as a product of its context
✔✔Cultural Progress - ✔✔the idea that social and technological progress is inevitable
✔✔Cultural Lag - ✔✔when a change in one part of society is not immediately answered
by corresponding changes in the other parts
✔✔Diffusion - ✔✔the process by which technological, political and social innovations
spread from one society to another
✔✔Syncretism - ✔✔the conscious adopting of cultural elements of a dominant group by
a subordinate group
