NSG-300 Exam 3 Questions with Verified
Correct Answers
hypoventilation
decreased rate or depth of air movement into the lungs
Causes excessive CO2 retention= respiratory acidosis & respiratory arrest
S/S: mental status change, dysrhythmias, cardiac arrect, convulsions, unconsciousness, death
hyperventilation
increased rate and depth of breathing
Causes: severe anxiety, infection, drugs, acid-base imbalance
S/S: rapid respirations, sighing breaths, numbness/tingling of extremities, light-headedness,
LOC
hypoxia
lack of oxygen at the cellular level
-check HgB levels
hypoxia cause
-decreased hemoglobin and lowered oxygen- carrying capacity of the blood;
-diminished concentration of inspired oxygen (high-altitude);
-inability of tissues to extract oxygen from the blood (cyanide poisoning);
-decreased diffusion of oxygen from alveoli to the blood (pneumonia);
poor tissue perfusion with oxygenated blood (shock)
-impaired ventilated (chest trauma)
early signs of hypoxia
,Restlessness
Agitation
Tachycardia
-inc BP and RR
late signs of hypoxia
Bradycardia
Extreme restlessness
Dyspnea
-dec RR
cyanosis
bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen
NOT a reliable sign of hypoxia
central cyanosis
observed on tongue, soft palate, conjunctiva.
peripheral cyanosis
seen in extremities, nail beds, earlobes (vasoconstriction)
what influences the capacity of blood to carry O2
1. amount of dissolved O2 in plasma
2. amount of HgB
3. ability of HgB to bind with O2
tidal volume
Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a normal breath
,what affects tidal volume
Pregnancy, obesity, exercise, obstructive/restrictive lungs, conditions of lungs
inspiration
active process of breathing oxygen in; stimulated by chemical receptors in the aorta
expiration
passive process of breathing out; depends on elastic recoil properties of the lungs
surfactant
chemical produced in lugs to maintain surface tension/to keep alveoli from collapsing
pathophysiology of COPD
Scar tissue in the parenchyma decreases elastic recoil of lungs and thorax (compliance) which
inc work of breathing
compliance
ability of the lungs to expand in response to increased interalveolar pressure
-dec with pulmonary edema, interstitial & pleural fibrosis, congenital/traumatic structural
abnormalities like kyphosis or fractured ribs
accessory muscles
increase lung volume during inspiration. overuse causes noneffective ventilation and fatigue
airway resistance
the increase in pressure that occurs as the diameter of the airways decreases from mouth/nose
to alveoli.
what are some factors that block the airway and prevent gas exchange
, asthma, flu, covid, mucus, atelectasis (risk inc. w/ immobility)
diffusion (pulmonary circulation)
process of exchanging respiratory gases in the alveoli of the lungs and capillaries in body
tissues
what affects the rate of diffusion
-thickness of membrane (slow gas exchange-> dec delivery of O2)
-pulmonary edema
-pulmonary infiltrates
-pulmonary effusion
what alters the alveolar capillary surface area
chronic diseases
process of oxygenation (pulmonary)
ventilation, diffusion, perfusion
ventilation
movement of gases into and out of the lungs
perfusion
The ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues and return
deoxygenated blood to the lungs
diffusion
Exchange of respiratory gases in the alveoli and capillaries
Correct Answers
hypoventilation
decreased rate or depth of air movement into the lungs
Causes excessive CO2 retention= respiratory acidosis & respiratory arrest
S/S: mental status change, dysrhythmias, cardiac arrect, convulsions, unconsciousness, death
hyperventilation
increased rate and depth of breathing
Causes: severe anxiety, infection, drugs, acid-base imbalance
S/S: rapid respirations, sighing breaths, numbness/tingling of extremities, light-headedness,
LOC
hypoxia
lack of oxygen at the cellular level
-check HgB levels
hypoxia cause
-decreased hemoglobin and lowered oxygen- carrying capacity of the blood;
-diminished concentration of inspired oxygen (high-altitude);
-inability of tissues to extract oxygen from the blood (cyanide poisoning);
-decreased diffusion of oxygen from alveoli to the blood (pneumonia);
poor tissue perfusion with oxygenated blood (shock)
-impaired ventilated (chest trauma)
early signs of hypoxia
,Restlessness
Agitation
Tachycardia
-inc BP and RR
late signs of hypoxia
Bradycardia
Extreme restlessness
Dyspnea
-dec RR
cyanosis
bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen
NOT a reliable sign of hypoxia
central cyanosis
observed on tongue, soft palate, conjunctiva.
peripheral cyanosis
seen in extremities, nail beds, earlobes (vasoconstriction)
what influences the capacity of blood to carry O2
1. amount of dissolved O2 in plasma
2. amount of HgB
3. ability of HgB to bind with O2
tidal volume
Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a normal breath
,what affects tidal volume
Pregnancy, obesity, exercise, obstructive/restrictive lungs, conditions of lungs
inspiration
active process of breathing oxygen in; stimulated by chemical receptors in the aorta
expiration
passive process of breathing out; depends on elastic recoil properties of the lungs
surfactant
chemical produced in lugs to maintain surface tension/to keep alveoli from collapsing
pathophysiology of COPD
Scar tissue in the parenchyma decreases elastic recoil of lungs and thorax (compliance) which
inc work of breathing
compliance
ability of the lungs to expand in response to increased interalveolar pressure
-dec with pulmonary edema, interstitial & pleural fibrosis, congenital/traumatic structural
abnormalities like kyphosis or fractured ribs
accessory muscles
increase lung volume during inspiration. overuse causes noneffective ventilation and fatigue
airway resistance
the increase in pressure that occurs as the diameter of the airways decreases from mouth/nose
to alveoli.
what are some factors that block the airway and prevent gas exchange
, asthma, flu, covid, mucus, atelectasis (risk inc. w/ immobility)
diffusion (pulmonary circulation)
process of exchanging respiratory gases in the alveoli of the lungs and capillaries in body
tissues
what affects the rate of diffusion
-thickness of membrane (slow gas exchange-> dec delivery of O2)
-pulmonary edema
-pulmonary infiltrates
-pulmonary effusion
what alters the alveolar capillary surface area
chronic diseases
process of oxygenation (pulmonary)
ventilation, diffusion, perfusion
ventilation
movement of gases into and out of the lungs
perfusion
The ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues and return
deoxygenated blood to the lungs
diffusion
Exchange of respiratory gases in the alveoli and capillaries
