This 4-year old male castrated Chinese Crested presented with an acute onset of being
down in the hind end. On neurological examination, the patient's cranial nerves are
intact, there is bilateral hind limb conscious proprioceptive deficits, no motor function in
either hind limb, superficial pain is absent in the hind limbs. There are normo-reflexive
gastrocneumius reflexes bilaterally, hyper-reflexive patellar reflexes bilaterally, and no
obvious pain on palpation of the spine. The patient was hesitating to move the neck to
the left and right on manipulation, but when offered a treat to the side the patient did not
seem to have trouble moving the head from side to side. The most likely diagnosis is
intervertebral disc herniation. Based on the neurological exam where is the site of your
laminectomy most likely to be?
Give this one a try later!
, The neurological exam findings, signalment, and history are all consistent
with intervertebral disc disease. All small breed dogs are predisposed to
disc herniation as compared to larger breeds. The most over-represented
breed is the Dachshund.
The findings in the neurological exam that help determine the location are
the following:
1) Conscious proprioceptive deficits only in the hind
2) Hyper-reflexive patellar reflex
3) Loss of motor in the hind
4) Lack of superficial pain in the hind
These findings should help you realize that the lesion is between T3-L3 or
L3-S1. However, hyper-reflexia in the hind should stand out. Hyper-reflexia
in the hind limbs is an upper motor neuron sign and is supportive of a T3-L3
lesion. Therefore, L4-L5 is not the best answer. Approximately 80% of T3-L3
herniations are located in the T13-L1 region.
There is no indication of forelimb involvement or neck pain which makes
neck involvement less likely.
A cow is presented on emergency with urea/non-protein nitrogen toxicity.
What is the treatment of choice?
A - Atropine, Protopam chloride IV q 4-6 hours
B - Rumenal infusion 2-8 liters vinegar,3-10 gallons cold water
C - Rumenotomy
D - IV Fluids with MgSO4, Na thiosulfate PO
E - Relieve bloat, drench with 2-8 liters sodium bicarbonate
Give this one a try later!
B - Rumenal infusion 2-8 liters vinegar,3-10 gallons cold water
,A 4- year old female spayed domestic short haired cat presents for a cough of 3 weeks
duration. All of these diseases can result in dyspnea and cough. Which one has the
potential to cause acute death?
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
Capillaria aerophila
Paragonimus kellicotti
Dirofilaria immitis
Give this one a try later!
The answer is Dirofilaria immitis. Cats with Heartworm may be
asymptomatic but common clinical signs include a peracute presentation
due to worm emboli/migration. Chronic signs such as anorexia, weight loss,
lethargy, and exercise intolerance may be seen occasionally. Heart failure,
cough, and dyspnea can occur with this disease but often are not present
due to the small worm burdens usually carried by cats. Aelurostrongylus,
Capillaria, and Paragonimus are lung parasites that can all cause coughing
in a cat.
Which pair of neonatal calf diarrheas both have public health/zoonotic significance?
A - Colibacillosis, Ostertagiasis
B - Colibacillosis, Rotavirus
C - Cryptosporidiosis, Salmonella
D - Salmonella, Coccidiosis
E - Clostridium perfringens, Coronavirus
Give this one a try later!
C - Cryptosporidiosis, Salmonella
Cryptosporidiosis is caused by a protozoa implicated in drinking water-
associated outbreaks of diarrhea in humans; Salmonellae can infect humans
from a number of different sources (turtles, chickens, eggs)
, E. Coli can cause human disease, but Ostertagia and bovine rotavirus do
not. (There IS a human version of rotavirus, however)
C. perfringens can be found in soil and in the normal gut flora and is not
contagious.
The 4-year-old neutered male German Shepherd mix shown below is presented with
difficulty eating.
Physical exam reveals that he is unable to close his jaw.
Range of motion of the jaw is normal and the rest of the examination is normal.
Which one of the following choices is the most likely diagnosis?
A - Masticatory myositis
B - Rabies
C - Bell's palsy
D - Trigeminal neuritis
E - Distemper
Give this one a try later!
This is the clinical picture of trigeminal neuritis. Bilateral damage to the
motor component of cranial nerve V would result in the inability to CLOSE
the jaw.
Masticatory myositis causes inability to OPEN the jaw.
A 5-year old male neutered German Shepherd presents with a history of nasal
dermatitis. Previous treatment with a 2-week course of antibiotics and prednisone
resulted in partial improvement of the lesions followed by recurrence. On physical
down in the hind end. On neurological examination, the patient's cranial nerves are
intact, there is bilateral hind limb conscious proprioceptive deficits, no motor function in
either hind limb, superficial pain is absent in the hind limbs. There are normo-reflexive
gastrocneumius reflexes bilaterally, hyper-reflexive patellar reflexes bilaterally, and no
obvious pain on palpation of the spine. The patient was hesitating to move the neck to
the left and right on manipulation, but when offered a treat to the side the patient did not
seem to have trouble moving the head from side to side. The most likely diagnosis is
intervertebral disc herniation. Based on the neurological exam where is the site of your
laminectomy most likely to be?
Give this one a try later!
, The neurological exam findings, signalment, and history are all consistent
with intervertebral disc disease. All small breed dogs are predisposed to
disc herniation as compared to larger breeds. The most over-represented
breed is the Dachshund.
The findings in the neurological exam that help determine the location are
the following:
1) Conscious proprioceptive deficits only in the hind
2) Hyper-reflexive patellar reflex
3) Loss of motor in the hind
4) Lack of superficial pain in the hind
These findings should help you realize that the lesion is between T3-L3 or
L3-S1. However, hyper-reflexia in the hind should stand out. Hyper-reflexia
in the hind limbs is an upper motor neuron sign and is supportive of a T3-L3
lesion. Therefore, L4-L5 is not the best answer. Approximately 80% of T3-L3
herniations are located in the T13-L1 region.
There is no indication of forelimb involvement or neck pain which makes
neck involvement less likely.
A cow is presented on emergency with urea/non-protein nitrogen toxicity.
What is the treatment of choice?
A - Atropine, Protopam chloride IV q 4-6 hours
B - Rumenal infusion 2-8 liters vinegar,3-10 gallons cold water
C - Rumenotomy
D - IV Fluids with MgSO4, Na thiosulfate PO
E - Relieve bloat, drench with 2-8 liters sodium bicarbonate
Give this one a try later!
B - Rumenal infusion 2-8 liters vinegar,3-10 gallons cold water
,A 4- year old female spayed domestic short haired cat presents for a cough of 3 weeks
duration. All of these diseases can result in dyspnea and cough. Which one has the
potential to cause acute death?
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
Capillaria aerophila
Paragonimus kellicotti
Dirofilaria immitis
Give this one a try later!
The answer is Dirofilaria immitis. Cats with Heartworm may be
asymptomatic but common clinical signs include a peracute presentation
due to worm emboli/migration. Chronic signs such as anorexia, weight loss,
lethargy, and exercise intolerance may be seen occasionally. Heart failure,
cough, and dyspnea can occur with this disease but often are not present
due to the small worm burdens usually carried by cats. Aelurostrongylus,
Capillaria, and Paragonimus are lung parasites that can all cause coughing
in a cat.
Which pair of neonatal calf diarrheas both have public health/zoonotic significance?
A - Colibacillosis, Ostertagiasis
B - Colibacillosis, Rotavirus
C - Cryptosporidiosis, Salmonella
D - Salmonella, Coccidiosis
E - Clostridium perfringens, Coronavirus
Give this one a try later!
C - Cryptosporidiosis, Salmonella
Cryptosporidiosis is caused by a protozoa implicated in drinking water-
associated outbreaks of diarrhea in humans; Salmonellae can infect humans
from a number of different sources (turtles, chickens, eggs)
, E. Coli can cause human disease, but Ostertagia and bovine rotavirus do
not. (There IS a human version of rotavirus, however)
C. perfringens can be found in soil and in the normal gut flora and is not
contagious.
The 4-year-old neutered male German Shepherd mix shown below is presented with
difficulty eating.
Physical exam reveals that he is unable to close his jaw.
Range of motion of the jaw is normal and the rest of the examination is normal.
Which one of the following choices is the most likely diagnosis?
A - Masticatory myositis
B - Rabies
C - Bell's palsy
D - Trigeminal neuritis
E - Distemper
Give this one a try later!
This is the clinical picture of trigeminal neuritis. Bilateral damage to the
motor component of cranial nerve V would result in the inability to CLOSE
the jaw.
Masticatory myositis causes inability to OPEN the jaw.
A 5-year old male neutered German Shepherd presents with a history of nasal
dermatitis. Previous treatment with a 2-week course of antibiotics and prednisone
resulted in partial improvement of the lesions followed by recurrence. On physical
