NUR 641E ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ACTUAL
FINAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SET A+
✔✔Osteoporosis - ✔✔a condition in which the bones become fragile and break easily; a
metabolic disorder with reduced bone mass/density.
✔✔Osteosarcoma - ✔✔bone cancer
✔✔Paget's disease - ✔✔a disorder in which abnormal new bone growth occurs at a
faster rate than normal, involving increased resorption of spongy bone tissue
✔✔A pathologic fracture - ✔✔a fracture occurring at the site of a pre-existing bone
abnormality, and occurs with a force that is considerably less than that which would
cause a bone fracture at a different site.
✔✔Electrolyte balance:
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - ✔✔synthesized in the hypothalamus and causes the re-
absorption of water in the distal tubule and collecting duct of the kidney.
✔✔Hyponatremia treatment - ✔✔Fluid restriction
If fluid restriction is not effective, give normal saline IV (0.9%NaCl). very slowly
✔✔Orthostasis - ✔✔maintenance of an upright standing posture, can be a significant
side effect with use of a diuretic drug.
✔✔Orthostatic hyotension - ✔✔a decrease of >20mmHg systolic blood pressure or a
decrease of >10mmHgdiastolic blood pressure within 3 minutes of assuming a standing
position.
✔✔Hyperkalemia causes - ✔✔low potassium intake, renal insufficiency, systemic lupus
erythematosus, Addison's Disease, use of potassium-sparing diuretics.
, ✔✔Treatment of hyperkalemia - ✔✔include calcium gluconate, loop diuretics, patiromer
(Veltassa), thiazide diuretics, sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate), regular insulin
IV and inhaled albuterol.
✔✔Insulin and beta-2 agonist inhalers - ✔✔are used to treat hyperkalemia because
they move potassium from the bloodstream into the cells; insulin also increases the
transport of glucose from the bloodstream into the cells.
✔✔Calcium and phosphate homeostasis - ✔✔depends on calcitriol, calcitonin, and PTH
hormone regulation; is affected by parathyroid hormone, vitamin D and calcitonin.
✔✔Hypercalcemia causes - ✔✔bone hyperplasia, neoplasms, thiazide diuretics.
✔✔Hypercalcemia treatment - ✔✔calcitonin, pamidronate, zoledronic acid
✔✔Insufficient dietary intake of vitamin D - ✔✔can result in cardiovascular disease,
osteoporosis and rickets.
✔✔rickets - ✔✔osteomalacia in children; causes bone deformity
✔✔insufficient dietary intake of vitamin B12 - ✔✔can result in pernicious anemia.
✔✔pernicious anemia - ✔✔lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb
vitamin B12 into the bloodstream
✔✔A patient with metabolic alkalosis and partial respiratory compensation - ✔✔will
have symptoms of fatigue, cool pale hands and feet, a new-onset systolic heart murmur,
and vomiting coffee-ground looking material.
✔✔Hypokalemia - ✔✔will increase digoxin toxicity
✔✔Endocrinology:
Hyperparathyroidism - ✔✔can cause secondary renal failure
✔✔Primary hyperparathyroidism - ✔✔Excess secretion of PTH from one or more
parathyroid glands; is typically caused by a tumor in the parathyroid gland.
✔✔Hyperglycemia - ✔✔can occur with increased release of cortisol, epinephrine,
glucagon, and growth hormone into the bloodstream.
✔✔Hypoglycemia - ✔✔can be caused by starvation and intense exercise
FINAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SET A+
✔✔Osteoporosis - ✔✔a condition in which the bones become fragile and break easily; a
metabolic disorder with reduced bone mass/density.
✔✔Osteosarcoma - ✔✔bone cancer
✔✔Paget's disease - ✔✔a disorder in which abnormal new bone growth occurs at a
faster rate than normal, involving increased resorption of spongy bone tissue
✔✔A pathologic fracture - ✔✔a fracture occurring at the site of a pre-existing bone
abnormality, and occurs with a force that is considerably less than that which would
cause a bone fracture at a different site.
✔✔Electrolyte balance:
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - ✔✔synthesized in the hypothalamus and causes the re-
absorption of water in the distal tubule and collecting duct of the kidney.
✔✔Hyponatremia treatment - ✔✔Fluid restriction
If fluid restriction is not effective, give normal saline IV (0.9%NaCl). very slowly
✔✔Orthostasis - ✔✔maintenance of an upright standing posture, can be a significant
side effect with use of a diuretic drug.
✔✔Orthostatic hyotension - ✔✔a decrease of >20mmHg systolic blood pressure or a
decrease of >10mmHgdiastolic blood pressure within 3 minutes of assuming a standing
position.
✔✔Hyperkalemia causes - ✔✔low potassium intake, renal insufficiency, systemic lupus
erythematosus, Addison's Disease, use of potassium-sparing diuretics.
, ✔✔Treatment of hyperkalemia - ✔✔include calcium gluconate, loop diuretics, patiromer
(Veltassa), thiazide diuretics, sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate), regular insulin
IV and inhaled albuterol.
✔✔Insulin and beta-2 agonist inhalers - ✔✔are used to treat hyperkalemia because
they move potassium from the bloodstream into the cells; insulin also increases the
transport of glucose from the bloodstream into the cells.
✔✔Calcium and phosphate homeostasis - ✔✔depends on calcitriol, calcitonin, and PTH
hormone regulation; is affected by parathyroid hormone, vitamin D and calcitonin.
✔✔Hypercalcemia causes - ✔✔bone hyperplasia, neoplasms, thiazide diuretics.
✔✔Hypercalcemia treatment - ✔✔calcitonin, pamidronate, zoledronic acid
✔✔Insufficient dietary intake of vitamin D - ✔✔can result in cardiovascular disease,
osteoporosis and rickets.
✔✔rickets - ✔✔osteomalacia in children; causes bone deformity
✔✔insufficient dietary intake of vitamin B12 - ✔✔can result in pernicious anemia.
✔✔pernicious anemia - ✔✔lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb
vitamin B12 into the bloodstream
✔✔A patient with metabolic alkalosis and partial respiratory compensation - ✔✔will
have symptoms of fatigue, cool pale hands and feet, a new-onset systolic heart murmur,
and vomiting coffee-ground looking material.
✔✔Hypokalemia - ✔✔will increase digoxin toxicity
✔✔Endocrinology:
Hyperparathyroidism - ✔✔can cause secondary renal failure
✔✔Primary hyperparathyroidism - ✔✔Excess secretion of PTH from one or more
parathyroid glands; is typically caused by a tumor in the parathyroid gland.
✔✔Hyperglycemia - ✔✔can occur with increased release of cortisol, epinephrine,
glucagon, and growth hormone into the bloodstream.
✔✔Hypoglycemia - ✔✔can be caused by starvation and intense exercise
