CMPC ALL CORRECT EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS SET A+
✔✔Emotional regulation strategies - ✔✔Emotion regulation is a mental skill involving
the use of several tools or strategies, including improving self-awareness, reappraisal,
and meditation. Developing awareness and taking ownership of one's emotional state
allow performers to recognize and modify emotions. Depending on the situation,
athletes may choose to use activation strategies, relaxation strategies, or reappraisal in
order to set the conditions for optimal performance
✔✔Mindfulness Based Training - ✔✔Attentional focus and emotion regulation are
mental skills that mindfulness-based training as a mental tool can support. Mindfulness-
based interventions in sport reflect the attentional, acceptance, and affective
components of mindfulness.
Mindful walking—this might involve being paired with a partner and using an audio-
guided script as a meditation (Kaufman et al., 2018)
Noticing thoughts and sensations during daily actions—for example, mindfully washing
a dish (Gardner & Moore, 2007)
Body scan (Saltzman, 2018)
Mindful eating, such as the candy exercise (Kaufman et al., 2018)
Diaphragmatic breathing and centering breath (Kaufman et al., 2018; Saltzman, 2018)
✔✔Performance routines - ✔✔Performance routines consist of planned and regulated
actions that can improve mental skills such as motivation; self-confidence; and emotion,
arousal, and attention regulation.
Pre-performance
A pre-performance routine helps to get ready to perform (e.g., warm up the mind and
body) and increases performers' drive, focus, and belief in their ability to execute the
performance plan
Performance
,A performance routine helps to focus or refocus and to maintain an appropriate level of
arousal during competitive situations. For example, a basketball player may take a deep
breath at the free throw line, repeat a cue word, and then imagine making the shot.
When distracted, performers can use an internal cue
Post-performance
A post-performance routine helps to effectively respond to and debrief performances.
For example, a hockey player may get on a stationary bike for 15 minutes after a game,
hydrate, do some progressive muscle relaxation, and then ice any injuries she may
have.
✔✔A review of intervention studies that have used rigorous randomized controlled trial
designs show that the effect of sport psychology interventions is? - ✔✔Moderate!
Rigorously designed intervention studies show that the effect of interventions is neither
low nor large; it is moderate. This suggests that there is an effect from sport psychology
interventions, but other factors (e.g., type of intervention, type of athletes, contextual
factors, and relational factors) likely influence the effect.
✔✔Ken Ravizza's theory of performance excellence - ✔✔the series of R's (recognize,
release, regroup, refocus, ready, respond) as a means of systematically assisting
performers in focusing on task-relevant cues by employing self-control, planning, and
trust.
He used metaphors (think traffic light)
According to his theory of performance excellence, peak performance is not about being
perfect; it is about compensating and adjusting and effectively handling adversity.
✔✔Frank Abrahamsen - ✔✔The big 4: Motivation, stress and performance anxiety,
relationships and focus. Understanding that the issue stemmed from one theories of the
big 4 (motivation = ego orientation etc.)
✔✔Ken Henschen theory of performance excellence - ✔✔Henschen believes in
developing the whole person and each person is unique.
Meet athletes where they are.
According to Henschen, athletes need to have confidence, some fear of failure,
concentration skills, and the ability to be absorbed in the moment. Emotionally,
performance excellence involves being aroused (from the outset of a performance and
adjusting from there), intense (but not tense), and positive (allowing athletes to
approach competitions as challenges). Behaviorally, performers need to relish the
opportunity to compete against the best, try less and trust one's training, handle
frustrations effectively, and not think during the competition or performance. He believes
performance excellence involves being in top physical condition, which goes hand in
,hand with confidence; being genuine and being you; having heart (intrinsic motivation
and an unquenchable work ethic); and hating to lose.
Finally, he names five cardinal skills: relaxation, concentration, imagery, self-talk, and a
precompetition mental routine.
✔✔Reinvestment, - ✔✔Which means that the athlete is consciously trying to control skill
execution (see also the discussion of explicit monitoring in the Interventions Targeting
High-Pressure Situations section), which could negatively affect performance
✔✔Performance profiling - ✔✔Stemming from personal construct theory (PCT). The
outcome of the process is a visual profile that can also be a good representation of
important goals that might be set next. Athletes have expressed its usefulness for
raising self-awareness, deciding what to work on, providing motivation for improvement,
goal setting, evaluating performance, and taking more responsibility for their own
development
✔✔Training Diary (journaling) - ✔✔Effective strategy that can be used in many different
ways. This process can help performers identify and develop routines that work, avoid
or train to cope with distractions, and become aware of elements that need improving.
More recently, Chow and Luzzeri (2019) proposed the post-event reflection (PER) as a
means for clients to engage in methodological reflection and evaluation after
performances. It includes both Likert scales (e.g. rating performance and mental skills)
and open-ended questions (e.g., "What did you learn about yourself today?").
✔✔Motivational Interviewing - ✔✔MI is great for helping clients who are resistant to
interventions.
The objective of MI is to facilitate conversations that are constructive, giving clients the
opportunity to build self-awareness, find their own reasons for change, and identify the
best solutions to do so rather than the consultant trying to persuade them to change.
EDAS
Express empathy - (think person centered)
Develop discrepancy - Thus, the main goal of this step in the process is to increase
clients' awareness of the consequences of their choices and behaviors.
Avoid arguments - Don't force the issue with clients or they may not return.
Support self-efficacy and coping skills - To create motivation for goals and behavior
change, it is important that MPCs help clients reflect on strengths and recall when they
have been successful in the past; this is used to increase self-efficacy for future
undertakings.
✔✔Matching Hypothesis - ✔✔The matching hypothesis states that the intervention
strategy should match the type of anxiety experienced by the performer or athlete.
, (Hence, a cognitive strategy is used for cognitive anxiety)
✔✔Reframing / Restructuring - ✔✔Clients can facilitate performance by adopting the
perspective that stress and anxiety can be interpreted as exciting, helpful, welcome, and
constructive for performance by using the restructuring approach, or reframing
✔✔Simulation Training - ✔✔a technique in which the performer practices during similar
pressure conditions that reflect real-life performance. For instance, research examining
simulation training for musicians has shown positive potential
✔✔Important considerations of brief work - ✔✔preparing for this type of work;
ensuring self-care to navigate long, busy days and stress;
having prior exposure to clients (e.g., training, performances) so clients are accustomed
to the consultants and find it easy to contact them;
being near but not in the way;
avoiding creating dependency;
understanding the impact of reduced or shifting boundaries and the potential for role
ambiguity; and
being prepared for issues not normally encountered in consultancy.
✔✔Chaotic Environments - ✔✔Thus, an important task for MPCs is to help performers
plan, prepare for, and control the controllables while also keeping flexible and being
able to cope with the uncontrollable.
✔✔Contingency planning - ✔✔With proper attention to a series of what-if or if-then
scenarios, is key to a focus on controlling everything that can be controlled and
accepting (or finding other ways to cope with) that which cannot be controlled.
✔✔Anticipation training - ✔✔Anticipation in sports suggests that elite athletes, more
than lower-level athletes, are able to identify patterns in evolving sequences of play,
prioritize the importance of unfolding events, and use their visual system differently and
more effectively when they extract information from their surroundings (think training
read skills)
ANSWERS SET A+
✔✔Emotional regulation strategies - ✔✔Emotion regulation is a mental skill involving
the use of several tools or strategies, including improving self-awareness, reappraisal,
and meditation. Developing awareness and taking ownership of one's emotional state
allow performers to recognize and modify emotions. Depending on the situation,
athletes may choose to use activation strategies, relaxation strategies, or reappraisal in
order to set the conditions for optimal performance
✔✔Mindfulness Based Training - ✔✔Attentional focus and emotion regulation are
mental skills that mindfulness-based training as a mental tool can support. Mindfulness-
based interventions in sport reflect the attentional, acceptance, and affective
components of mindfulness.
Mindful walking—this might involve being paired with a partner and using an audio-
guided script as a meditation (Kaufman et al., 2018)
Noticing thoughts and sensations during daily actions—for example, mindfully washing
a dish (Gardner & Moore, 2007)
Body scan (Saltzman, 2018)
Mindful eating, such as the candy exercise (Kaufman et al., 2018)
Diaphragmatic breathing and centering breath (Kaufman et al., 2018; Saltzman, 2018)
✔✔Performance routines - ✔✔Performance routines consist of planned and regulated
actions that can improve mental skills such as motivation; self-confidence; and emotion,
arousal, and attention regulation.
Pre-performance
A pre-performance routine helps to get ready to perform (e.g., warm up the mind and
body) and increases performers' drive, focus, and belief in their ability to execute the
performance plan
Performance
,A performance routine helps to focus or refocus and to maintain an appropriate level of
arousal during competitive situations. For example, a basketball player may take a deep
breath at the free throw line, repeat a cue word, and then imagine making the shot.
When distracted, performers can use an internal cue
Post-performance
A post-performance routine helps to effectively respond to and debrief performances.
For example, a hockey player may get on a stationary bike for 15 minutes after a game,
hydrate, do some progressive muscle relaxation, and then ice any injuries she may
have.
✔✔A review of intervention studies that have used rigorous randomized controlled trial
designs show that the effect of sport psychology interventions is? - ✔✔Moderate!
Rigorously designed intervention studies show that the effect of interventions is neither
low nor large; it is moderate. This suggests that there is an effect from sport psychology
interventions, but other factors (e.g., type of intervention, type of athletes, contextual
factors, and relational factors) likely influence the effect.
✔✔Ken Ravizza's theory of performance excellence - ✔✔the series of R's (recognize,
release, regroup, refocus, ready, respond) as a means of systematically assisting
performers in focusing on task-relevant cues by employing self-control, planning, and
trust.
He used metaphors (think traffic light)
According to his theory of performance excellence, peak performance is not about being
perfect; it is about compensating and adjusting and effectively handling adversity.
✔✔Frank Abrahamsen - ✔✔The big 4: Motivation, stress and performance anxiety,
relationships and focus. Understanding that the issue stemmed from one theories of the
big 4 (motivation = ego orientation etc.)
✔✔Ken Henschen theory of performance excellence - ✔✔Henschen believes in
developing the whole person and each person is unique.
Meet athletes where they are.
According to Henschen, athletes need to have confidence, some fear of failure,
concentration skills, and the ability to be absorbed in the moment. Emotionally,
performance excellence involves being aroused (from the outset of a performance and
adjusting from there), intense (but not tense), and positive (allowing athletes to
approach competitions as challenges). Behaviorally, performers need to relish the
opportunity to compete against the best, try less and trust one's training, handle
frustrations effectively, and not think during the competition or performance. He believes
performance excellence involves being in top physical condition, which goes hand in
,hand with confidence; being genuine and being you; having heart (intrinsic motivation
and an unquenchable work ethic); and hating to lose.
Finally, he names five cardinal skills: relaxation, concentration, imagery, self-talk, and a
precompetition mental routine.
✔✔Reinvestment, - ✔✔Which means that the athlete is consciously trying to control skill
execution (see also the discussion of explicit monitoring in the Interventions Targeting
High-Pressure Situations section), which could negatively affect performance
✔✔Performance profiling - ✔✔Stemming from personal construct theory (PCT). The
outcome of the process is a visual profile that can also be a good representation of
important goals that might be set next. Athletes have expressed its usefulness for
raising self-awareness, deciding what to work on, providing motivation for improvement,
goal setting, evaluating performance, and taking more responsibility for their own
development
✔✔Training Diary (journaling) - ✔✔Effective strategy that can be used in many different
ways. This process can help performers identify and develop routines that work, avoid
or train to cope with distractions, and become aware of elements that need improving.
More recently, Chow and Luzzeri (2019) proposed the post-event reflection (PER) as a
means for clients to engage in methodological reflection and evaluation after
performances. It includes both Likert scales (e.g. rating performance and mental skills)
and open-ended questions (e.g., "What did you learn about yourself today?").
✔✔Motivational Interviewing - ✔✔MI is great for helping clients who are resistant to
interventions.
The objective of MI is to facilitate conversations that are constructive, giving clients the
opportunity to build self-awareness, find their own reasons for change, and identify the
best solutions to do so rather than the consultant trying to persuade them to change.
EDAS
Express empathy - (think person centered)
Develop discrepancy - Thus, the main goal of this step in the process is to increase
clients' awareness of the consequences of their choices and behaviors.
Avoid arguments - Don't force the issue with clients or they may not return.
Support self-efficacy and coping skills - To create motivation for goals and behavior
change, it is important that MPCs help clients reflect on strengths and recall when they
have been successful in the past; this is used to increase self-efficacy for future
undertakings.
✔✔Matching Hypothesis - ✔✔The matching hypothesis states that the intervention
strategy should match the type of anxiety experienced by the performer or athlete.
, (Hence, a cognitive strategy is used for cognitive anxiety)
✔✔Reframing / Restructuring - ✔✔Clients can facilitate performance by adopting the
perspective that stress and anxiety can be interpreted as exciting, helpful, welcome, and
constructive for performance by using the restructuring approach, or reframing
✔✔Simulation Training - ✔✔a technique in which the performer practices during similar
pressure conditions that reflect real-life performance. For instance, research examining
simulation training for musicians has shown positive potential
✔✔Important considerations of brief work - ✔✔preparing for this type of work;
ensuring self-care to navigate long, busy days and stress;
having prior exposure to clients (e.g., training, performances) so clients are accustomed
to the consultants and find it easy to contact them;
being near but not in the way;
avoiding creating dependency;
understanding the impact of reduced or shifting boundaries and the potential for role
ambiguity; and
being prepared for issues not normally encountered in consultancy.
✔✔Chaotic Environments - ✔✔Thus, an important task for MPCs is to help performers
plan, prepare for, and control the controllables while also keeping flexible and being
able to cope with the uncontrollable.
✔✔Contingency planning - ✔✔With proper attention to a series of what-if or if-then
scenarios, is key to a focus on controlling everything that can be controlled and
accepting (or finding other ways to cope with) that which cannot be controlled.
✔✔Anticipation training - ✔✔Anticipation in sports suggests that elite athletes, more
than lower-level athletes, are able to identify patterns in evolving sequences of play,
prioritize the importance of unfolding events, and use their visual system differently and
more effectively when they extract information from their surroundings (think training
read skills)
