Washington State University Biology 251- Exam 2 || A+ Certified.
What is the difference between afferent and efferent neurons? correct answers Afferent neurons:
head towards the central nervous system.
Efferent neurons: head away from the central nervous system.
What part of the peripheral nervous system controls internal organs by innervating smooth
muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands in these organs/tissues? correct answers Autonomic nervous
system
Which type of autonomic neuron originates somewhere in the central nervous system? correct
answers Preganglionic neurons
Which type of autonomic neuron originates in an autonomic ganglion? correct answers
Postganglionic neuron
For both autonomic divisions, list where the preganglionic cell bodies are located within the
central nervous system correct answers Sympathetic: thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord
Parasympathetic: brainstem and sacral spinal cord
Do postganglionic neurons form synapses with other neurons, or do they synapse with target
cells? correct answers Bind to adrenergic receptors, synapses between postganglionic axons and
target organs in autonomic nervous system
Where are the sympathetic ganglia located? correct answers Along the vertebral column in a
chain
Where are the parasympathetic ganglia located? correct answers In or near effector organs
, In general, what are the functions of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions of the
autonomic nervous system? correct answers Sympathetic: Fight or flight response, prepare for
emergency/stress/exercise, increase heart rate and blood pressure, mobilize energy stores,
pupillary dilation, decrease gastrointestinal/urinary functions
Parasympathetic: Quiet/relaxed states, increase gastrointestinal activities, decrease heart rate and
blood pressure
What are the autonomic neurotransmitters involved at each different synapse (for both autonomic
divisions)? correct answers Acetylcholine- binds to receptors on postganglionic cell, cause action
potentials, released by preganglionic neurons (sympathetic AND parasympathetic)
Norepinephrine- bind to receptors on target cells, effects vary, released by postganglionic
neurons (sympathetic)
What are the types of adrenergic receptors found in the sympathetic division of the autonomic
nervous system? correct answers Alpha (a1-a2) and Beta (b1-b3)
In general, which adrenergic receptors are excitatory, and which are inhibitory? correct answers
Excitatory: a1, a2, b1, b3
Inhibitory: b2
What are the types of cholinergic receptors of the parasympathetic division? correct answers
Nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors
Where is each type of cholinergic receptor located? correct answers Nicotinic: postganglionic
neuron cell bodies
Muscarinic: target organs
What is the difference between afferent and efferent neurons? correct answers Afferent neurons:
head towards the central nervous system.
Efferent neurons: head away from the central nervous system.
What part of the peripheral nervous system controls internal organs by innervating smooth
muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands in these organs/tissues? correct answers Autonomic nervous
system
Which type of autonomic neuron originates somewhere in the central nervous system? correct
answers Preganglionic neurons
Which type of autonomic neuron originates in an autonomic ganglion? correct answers
Postganglionic neuron
For both autonomic divisions, list where the preganglionic cell bodies are located within the
central nervous system correct answers Sympathetic: thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord
Parasympathetic: brainstem and sacral spinal cord
Do postganglionic neurons form synapses with other neurons, or do they synapse with target
cells? correct answers Bind to adrenergic receptors, synapses between postganglionic axons and
target organs in autonomic nervous system
Where are the sympathetic ganglia located? correct answers Along the vertebral column in a
chain
Where are the parasympathetic ganglia located? correct answers In or near effector organs
, In general, what are the functions of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions of the
autonomic nervous system? correct answers Sympathetic: Fight or flight response, prepare for
emergency/stress/exercise, increase heart rate and blood pressure, mobilize energy stores,
pupillary dilation, decrease gastrointestinal/urinary functions
Parasympathetic: Quiet/relaxed states, increase gastrointestinal activities, decrease heart rate and
blood pressure
What are the autonomic neurotransmitters involved at each different synapse (for both autonomic
divisions)? correct answers Acetylcholine- binds to receptors on postganglionic cell, cause action
potentials, released by preganglionic neurons (sympathetic AND parasympathetic)
Norepinephrine- bind to receptors on target cells, effects vary, released by postganglionic
neurons (sympathetic)
What are the types of adrenergic receptors found in the sympathetic division of the autonomic
nervous system? correct answers Alpha (a1-a2) and Beta (b1-b3)
In general, which adrenergic receptors are excitatory, and which are inhibitory? correct answers
Excitatory: a1, a2, b1, b3
Inhibitory: b2
What are the types of cholinergic receptors of the parasympathetic division? correct answers
Nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors
Where is each type of cholinergic receptor located? correct answers Nicotinic: postganglionic
neuron cell bodies
Muscarinic: target organs
